Timeline

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Computing Technology Timeline

Date	Description	References	Contributors
3,300,00 BC	Earliest evidence of stone tools being created by hominids		prlee
200,000 BC	Humans developed spoken language, the first form of communication	C. Perreault and S. Matthew, "Dating the Origin of Language Using Phonemic Diversity," PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 4, 2012.	epguleksen prlee
Prehistoric	Smoke signals were used to convey messages over long distances		emilymiller
16,500 BC	The earliest evidence of maps. They depicted the night sky rather than the Earth.	https://www.thoughtco.com/the-history-of-cartography-1435696#:~:text=Cartography%20developed%20further%20in%20Europe,that%20were%20used%20for%20navigation.	lrsavoie
10000 BC	Estimated time when humans first started using optical recordings.	Kazansky, Peter G, Eternal 5D optical data storage in glass (University of Southampton, 7/8/2016), https://www-spiedigitallibrary-org.ezpxy-web-p-u01.wpi.edu/conference-proceedings-of-spie/9959/2240594/Eternal-5D-optical-data-storage-in-glassConference-Presentation/10.1117/12.2240594.full?SSO=1, (4/2/2020)	maferreira
3150 BC	Estimated origin of Sumerian writings, the first written language	D. Schmandt-Besserat, "Decipherment of the Earliest Tablets," Science, vol. 211, no. 4479, pp. 283-285, 1981.	prlee
3500 BC	The sundial is invented. The first one was made from stone and uses the sun to tell time.	http://www.historyofwatch.com/clock-history/ Visited: 3/23/2018	lgrande
2400BC	First documented use of couriers being used to carry messages long distance	Alex Thompson, A Brief History of Long Distance Communication, https://www.wilsonamplifiers.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-long-distance-communication/	nvanstralen
2000 BC	The abacus is invented. A frame made out of wood holding rods with sliding beads on them, used to aid in arithmetic calculations.	http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/history.html Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
2000 BC	Bookkeeping emerges	https://www.investopedia.com/articles/08/accounting-history.asp	asbrady
1900 BC	First documented cryptograph was found in Egypt	Retrieved August 30, 2018, from https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/vpns/history-encryption-730	zhenhe, etarthur
1700 BC	Evidence of indoor plumbing found on Crete	http://www.partselect.ca/Resources/Appliances-Timeline-Of-Their-Arrival.aspx	mjmcdonald
1700 BC	Ice boxes were used, ice cut from frozen lakes and water were stored throughout the year.	Sandvik AB. “Timeline of Refrigerators and Low-Temperature Technology.” Refrigerator Timeline - History of Low-Temperature Technology, www.historyofrefrigeration.com/refrigeration-history/timeline-of-refrigerators/.	tkwan
1500 BC	Mesopotamian tablet was created with encrypted recipe for pottery glaze. The encryption was done with a substitution cipher, swapping one character for another. The encrypted tablet was decoded by others in the city.	Waddell, Kaveh, "The Long and Winding History of Encryption", (The Atlantic 2016), https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/01/the-long-and-winding-history-of-encryption/423726/ 9/1/2021.	zhenhe, bnsahagian, mjadragna
1050 BC	The first alphabet based on phonetic sounds invented.		epguleksen
~1000 BC	Shorthand first used		bjsharron
950 BC	King Solomon used pigeon post to get information around Achaemenid Persian Empire.		tpatikorn
750 BC	The Greeks adapted the earlier Phoenician alphabet into the Greek alphabet, and transcribed some works originally passed down through oral tradition, such as The Iliad	R. D. Woodard, "The Alphabet," in Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer : A Linguistic Interpretation of the Origin of the Greek Alphabet and the Continuity of Ancinet Greek Literacy, Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 1997, pp. 133-204.	ygong5 prlee
600 BC	Hebrew ATBASH cipher used in writing the book of Jeremiah		zhenhe, mjadragna
600 BC	Mail was used among Chinese officials		emilymilller
600 BC	Earliest depiction of the world on a map. It was named the Babylonian World Map. Ancient Babylonia is said to be the birthplace of cartography as the first maps were drawn on clay tablets with accurate surveying of the land.	https://www.thoughtco.com/the-history-of-cartography-1435696#:~:text=Cartography%20developed%20further%20in%20Europe,that%20were%20used%20for%20navigation.	lrsavoie
500 BC	Pigeon post is used regularly		emilymiller
500 BC	An eclipse is viewed through a pinhole	Schlager, Neil and Lauer, Josh, “Camera Obscura: Ancestor of Modern Photography,” (Gale, 2001) https://link-gale-com.ezpxy-web-p-u01.wpi.edu/apps/doc/CV2643450236/WHIC?u=mlin_c_worpoly&sid=WHIC&xid=218f6fc5	kcariglia
500 BC	Yakhchals, were engineered to store ice in the desert. It used evaporative cooling to help stay cold	Sandvik AB. “Timeline of Refrigerators and Low-Temperature Technology.” Refrigerator Timeline - History of Low-Temperature Technology, www.historyofrefrigeration.com/refrigeration-history/timeline-of-refrigerators/.	tkwan
490 BC	Pheidippides carried a message from the Battle of Marathon to Athens.		tpatikorn
486 BC	Greek Skytale presumably used		zhenhe
480 BC	Ancient Greek short hand		scbarry
450BC	shields possibly used to send signals like a modern heliograph	The Heliograph, http://www.douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/COMMS/heliograph/heliograph.htm	nvanstralen
400 BC	Camera Obscura-The phenomena that led to the invention of the camera and all photographic processes. A small hole was placed through a wall in a dark room and light would fill the room with an upside-down projection of the view from outside.		tjstone
400 BC	Camera obscura is invented	Schlager, Neil and Lauer, Josh, “Camera Obscura: Ancestor of Modern Photography,” (Gale, 2001) https://link-gale-com.ezpxy-web-p-u01.wpi.edu/apps/doc/CV2643450236/WHIC?u=mlin_c_worpoly&sid=WHIC&xid=218f6fc5	kcariglia
350 BC	The Greek mathematician Archytas builds a mechanical bird dubbed "The Pigeon" that is propelled by steam.		eosowski
325 BC	The first water clock is invented using water drips to tell time.	https://www.nist.gov/pml/walk-through-time-early-clocks Visited: 3/23/2018	lgrande
322 BC	Aristotle writes: "If every tool, when ordered, or even of its own accord, could do the work that befits it, then there would be no need either of apprentices for the master workers or of slaves for the lords."		eosowski
255BC	earliest surviving piece of mail	The History of Mail and the Postal System, https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-mail-1992142	nvanstralen
~200 BC	The Chinese create the first basic compass from lodestone	Lowrie, William (2007). Fundamentals of Geophysics. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 281.	ptspillane
200 BC	The first libraries are created in the Hellenistic world	S. Johnstone, "A New History of Libraries and Books in the Hellenistic Period," Classical Antiquity, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 347-393, 2014.	prlee
100 BC	Antikythera Mechanism -- Ancient device used to calculate the position of moon, planets, and predict solar/lunar eclipses.	http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/system/files/0608_Nature.pdf	crmyers
60 BC	Caesar Cipher introduced by Julius Caesar. The Caesar Cipher is a mono-alphabetic rotation, where each letter is shifted by a certain number of letters. This encyrption is known as a substitution cipher because of the consistent fashion that letters are substituted.	https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/caesar-cipher	zhenhe, rcsawka, mjadragna
60 - 50 BC	Caesar Cipher introduced by Julius Caesar	Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the internet . Cambridge ;: Cambridge University Press.	zhenhe, etarthur, mjadragna
104 AD	First Census is taken under the rule of Caesar Augustus by Egyptian Edict	Frank Turek | Christian Apologetics | Christian |Apologetics Speakers, 10 Oct. 2018, crossexamined.org/really-census-time-caesar-augustus/.	xlmclean
150 AD	Around the year 150, the greek philosopher, Ptolemy, created the longitude and longitude system on the world map under the newfound impression that the Earth was a sphere. This shaped modern cartography.	https://www.thoughtco.com/the-history-of-cartography-1435696#:~:text=Cartography%20developed%20further%20in%20Europe,that%20were%20used%20for%20navigation.	lrsavoie
350 AD	The Codex Sinaiticus, one of the earliest examples of a codex being used to hold writing, was written	"Collection Items: Codex Sinaiticus," British Library, [Online]. Available: https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/codex-sinaiticus. [Accessed 19 3 2019].	prlee
600 AD	The first candle clock is invented, using candles to keep track of time.	https://www.nist.gov/pml/walk-through-time-early-clocks Visited: 3/23/2018	lgrande
605 AD	Pei Ju of the Sui Dynasty in China used a grid system in map design.	https://www.thoughtco.com/the-history-of-cartography-1435696#:~:text=Cartography%20developed%20further%20in%20Europe,that%20were%20used%20for%20navigation.	lrsavoie
~790	Vikings used the stars and sun compasses with landmarks to navigate the seas.	Irene Berg Petersen, How Vikings navigated the world, http://sciencenordic.com/how-vikings-navigated-world (March 23, 2017)	rmwiesenberg
800 AD	The first hourglass is invented, using sand to keep track of time.	http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-hourglass/ Visited: 3/23/2018	lgrande
~800 AD	Vikings use ritual smithing to make steel "Ulfberht" swords.	Matt Davis, Vikings unwittingly made their swords stronger by trying to imbue them with spirits, (Big Think, 22 March, 2019) https://bigthink.com/culture-religion/norse-rituals?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1 [Accessed April 4, 2021]	klprince
850-860 AD	Arab cryptographer al-Kindi creates substitution ciphers and transposition ciphers well before cryptographers in the West created these same ciphers beginning in 1450.	Waddell, Kaveh, "The Long and Winding History of Encryption", (The Atlantic 2016), https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/01/the-long-and-winding-history-of-encryption/423726/ 9/1/2021.	bnsahagian,
875 AD	Banu Musa Brothers from Baghdad develop automated hydraulic instrument that plays music from raised pins. First recorded device to take artificial input	Fowler, Charles B. “The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments.” Music Educators Journal, vol. 54, no. 2, 1967, pp. 45–49. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3391092. Accessed 3 Apr. 2020.	jmmoy
880 AD	The Kamal is used by Arab navigators as a form of celestial navigation	McGrail, Sean (2004), Boats of the World, Oxford University Press.	ptspillane
~1000	The compass was invented in China and spread to Europe by 1300	Smithsonian, Time and Navigation: The untold story of getting from here to there., http://timeandnavigation.si.edu (March 23, 2017)	rmwiesenberg
~1100	Earliest identified printed advertisement created, “Jinan Liu’s Fine Needle Shop”	1. Unknown, Commercial Advertisement, depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/graph/tcommain.htm, 8/30/2018	jbbieber
1200s AD	In medieval times, Automatons (human like figures that were powered by internal mechanisms, namely clockwork) were first invented.	https://www.robotshop.com/media/files/PDF/timeline.pdf Accessed 3/19/2019	rnbeaver
1200 AD	The first water/astronomical clock is invented, using water with assisting astronomical concepts.	http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac08 Visited: 3/23/2018	lgrande
1264	Dominician Friar Vincent of Beauvais creates the Great Mirror, a general collection of knowledge during that time. He wrote this book because he felt there were more books created than the human mind can remember.	http://bestiary.ca/prisources/psdetail2601.htm	oejackson
1280	The first mechanical clock was created but it was too expensive and crude for navigation	Smithsonian, Time and Navigation: The untold story of getting from here to there., http://timeandnavigation.si.edu (March 23, 2017)	rmwiesenberg
1300 AD	Paper becomes the dominant way of record keeping and writing in Europe	J. Hargrave, "Disruptive Technological History: Papermaking to Digital Printing," Journal of Scholarly Publishing, vol. 44, no. 3, 2013.	prlee
~1400	The first record of a polyalphabetic cipher was written by Al-Qalqashandi. A polyalphabetic cypher is like a Caesar Cypher but after each letter the shift changes.	https://books.google.com/books?id=jbpTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT26#v=onepage&q&f=false	efschwarzrock
1455	Johannes Gutenberg completed a printing press that would imprint pages using movable metal type.		ygong5
1495	Leonardo DaVinci designs a mechanical device that looks like an armored knight and is designed to make it move like there is a real person inside.		eosowski
1500	Leonardo Da Vinci hypothesizes a way to track a roman soldiers steps and records the first idea of a pedometer	https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Sketch-of-Leonardo-da-Vincis-pedometer_fig4_312090206	tjaskoviak ahjicha
1505	The first pocket watch was made by Peter Henlein in Nuremburg, Germany. Known as the pomander watch.	https://edoc.pub/pomander-watch-pdf-free.html 9/8/2020	parago
1517	Martin Luther presents his 95 Theses and distributes the work using the printing press	https://www.history.com/topics/reformation/martin-luther-and-the-95-theses	pwpeterson
1549	Swiss scientist Conrad Gessner completes Bibliotheca universalis, an alaphabetical bibliography of all Latin, Greek, or Hebrew books at the time	https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/695140?journalCode=pbsa	oejackson
1553	Password idea introduced by Giovan Belaso. A passphrase/password would provide a key for encryption.	https://ep.liu.se/ecp/171/007/ecp2020_171_007.pdf	zhenhe, rcsawka
1574	First Pocket Watch was made	https://www.govbergwatches.com/blog/history-of-horology/ 9/8/2020	parago
1585	Blaise de Vigenere wrote a book on ciphers.		zhenhe, mjadragna
16-1700s	maritime flags are independently developed by different countries for naval communication	The History Behind Nautical Flags, https://www.allstarflags.com/facts/history-behind-nautical-flags/	nvanstralen
1600 AD	The first pendulum and spring clock is invented, pendulums and newly developed spring mechanisms to keep track of time.	http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac08 Visited: 3/23/2018	lgrande
1600	John Napier invents Napier's Bones, a mechanical device using rods or cylinders which slid together to do lattice multiplication and division on numbers.	http://www.thecorememory.com/TimeMachine.pdf Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1600	Abacus Ring: First ever wearable device invented in China		pmahurkar
1608	First telescope is patented to be used to see long distances	https://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question37.html	ptspillane
1622	William Oughtred invents the slide rule. The device had two scales that could independently be slid, and the distance between the two could be read to view as multiplication or division.	http://www.oughtred.org/history.shtml Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1623	Wilhelm Schickard invents the Calculating Clock, which is considered to be the first mechanical calculator. The calculator utilized Napier's Bones as well as other mechanics to help with celestial calculations.	"The Time Machine." College English 31.5 (1970): 523. Web.Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1642	The Pascaline or Pascal's calculator was invented by mathematician Blaise Pascal. The hand cranked adding machine was very complex, using toothed wheels to do basic arithmetic with whole numbers.	"The Time Machine." College English 31.5 (1970): 523. Web.Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1657	The pendulum clock was invented in 1657 but was never adopted for sea navigation due to the swaying of the boat.	Smithsonian, Time and Navigation: The untold story of getting from here to there., http://timeandnavigation.si.edu (March 23, 2017)	rmwiesenberg
1665	Robert Hooke innovates on the first microscope and uses his microscope to observe cork which leads him to refer to the small openings he observes as cells	http://www.jstor.org/stable/4606667 Accessed: 9/6/2022	bclukens
1673	The Stepped Reckoner is invented by German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. The mechanical calculator utilized a long cylinder, called the Leibniz wheel, to do quick multiplication and addition.	"The Time Machine." College English 31.5 (1970): 523. Web.Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1680	First Minute hand was added to a pocket watch	https://www.govbergwatches.com/blog/history-of-horology/ 9/8/2020	parago
1683	Governor William Penn established Pennsylvania's first Post Office.		tpatikorn
1685	Portable Reflex Camera Obscura - This camera was small enough to transport, being two feet long and nine inches high. Light shined through a lens and onto a mirror, generating an image that was right side up instead of upside-down.		tjstone
1685	"Battery" used to describe a series of charged glass plates (capacitors).		djlaplante
1690	Newspapers are popularized in London	M. S. Dawson, "All the News That's Fit to Film? Copying the Nichols Collection of Early London Newspapers," Parergon, vol. 30, no. 2, 2013.	prlee
1694	Gottfried Leibniz constructed Step Reckoner.		ygong5
1700s	Miniature automatons designed to look like humans and animals became popular toys for the upper-class.	https://www.robotshop.com/media/files/PDF/timeline.pdf Accessed 3/19/2019	rnbeaver
1705	Leibniz creates the binary number system	Leibniz, G. (1703) Explication de l’Arithmétique Binaire (Explanation of Binary Arithmetic). Mathematical Writings VII, Gerhardt, 223. Translation : http://www.leibniz-translations.com/binary.htm	reastwood
1711	British used ship to carry letters; each letter cost one penny.		tpatikorn
1714	The British Parliament passed the Longitude Act which spurred the invention of the Sea Clock by John Harrington and the sextant by John bird, greatly increasing navigational accuracy.	Smithsonian, Time and Navigation: The untold story of getting from here to there., http://timeandnavigation.si.edu (March 23, 2017)	rmwiesenberg
1738	Mechanical Duck was invented, sparking the beginning of the automata stage.	Aviv Gaon, The Singularity is Near, http://wpi.aci.info/view/15af7f26c8c00100002/15b4709e35500015c3ad447	rjsthilaire
1748	"Battery" used to describe a series of charged glass plates (capacitors).		djlaplante
1755	Thomas Jefferson uses a pedometer, he would later introduce it to America. The strong association lead people to call them Tomish Meters	Adams, W. H. (2000).The Paris Years of Thomas Jefferson. Yale University Press.	tjaskoviak
1756	William Cullen invents a method of artificial refrigeration, which is still used today	Sandvik. “The History of the Refrigerator.” The History of the Refrigerator - Sandvik Materials Technology, www.materials.sandvik/en/campaigns/fridge-of-the-future/the-history-of-the-refrigerator/.	tkwan
1763	Bayes theorem of conditional probability	Price, Problem in the Doctrine of Chances, http://www.stat.ucla.edu/history/essay.pdf	xjjackson
1767	Carl Linneaus develops his botanical paper slips as a way to organize his thoughts and observations.	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4837604/	oejackson
1769	Wolfgang Ritter von Kempelen created one of the first known devices capable of mimicking human speech. The human operated device imitated human body parts required for speech to produce sounds that resembled vowels.	Schroeder, Manfred Robert. "A Brief History of Speech." Computer Speech: Recognition, Compression, Synthesis. Berlin: Springer, 1999. N. pag. Print.	leantul
1770	Wolfgang von Kempelen created the worlds first ‘automatic’ chess machine called the Mechanical Turk. It was later found to be fake	https://www.britannica.com/story/the-mechanical-turk-ai-marvel-or-parlor-trick Accessed 08/30/2023	abeck
1775	Benjamin Franklin appointed first Postmaster General (USPS).		tpatikorn
1775	Thomas Jefferson invented the wheel cipher. This cipher consisted of 36 cylindrical wooden pieces threaded onto an iron spindle and rotating the wheels scrambled and unscrambled the words.	https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/wheel-cipher	zhenhe, rcsawka, mjadragna
1777	Abraham-Louis Perrelet invented a self-winding watch that could measure walking distance	https://us.musewearables.com/blogs/news/fitness-tracking-and-recognition-in-smartwatches	ppatel2
1779	Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein created thin devices of various shapes that were able to create sounds resembling German vowels through vibration.	Schroeder, Manfred Robert. "A Brief History of Speech." Computer Speech: Recognition, Compression, Synthesis. Berlin: Springer, 1999. N. pag. Print.	leantul
1782	First washing machine invented by Henry Sidgier	http://www.partselect.ca/Resources/Appliances-Timeline-Of-Their-Arrival.aspx	mjmcdonald
1790s	French begin construction of the semaphore towers serving as the first telegraph towers	Michael J. Quinn, Ethics for the Information Age, pages 21-3	nvanstralen
1799	First dried invented by a Frenchman named Pochon	http://www.partselect.ca/Resources/Appliances-Timeline-Of-Their-Arrival.aspx	mjmcdonald
1799	Lithographic Offset printing is invented, reducing the cost of printing and increasing the speed of dissemination of information	J. Hargrave, "Disruptive Technological History: Papermaking to Digital Printing," Journal of Scholarly Publishing, vol. 44, no. 3, 2013.
1799	Alessandro Volta created the world’s first battery.		ygong5
1800	Alessandro Volta discovers the Voltaic Pile. Electricity generation now efficient		djlaplante
1800 AD	Pinhole camera is invented	Schlager, Neil and Lauer, Josh, “Camera Obscura: Ancestor of Modern Photography,” (Gale, 2001) https://link-gale-com.ezpxy-web-p-u01.wpi.edu/apps/doc/CV2643450236/WHIC?u=mlin_c_worpoly&sid=WHIC&xid=218f6fc5	kcariglia
1801	Joseph Jacquard builds an automated loom that is controlled by punch cards, which increased the speed at which complex patterns could be woven by more than twenty times	https://www.aventine.org/robotics/history-of-robotics	eosowski syeung
1801	Thomas Young described “phase shifting” in relation to light waves	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987368/	rtong
1804	Joseph-Marie Jacquard patents cards with punched holes (punch cards) containing weaving instructions for the Jacquard Loom. These cards provided automated instructions that any worker could read and manufacture intricate patterns.	https://artsandculture.google.com/story/punched-card-machines-the-national-museum-of-computing/bwWBrooyeGKPiA?hl=en. Visited: 9/3/2024	tnhellgren
1805	Legendre published first paper on regression analysis, using a technique called the method of least squares	Smith, Legendre, http://www.stat.ucla.edu/history/legendre.pdf	xjjackson
1810	First wristwatch was made for the queen of Naples	https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/R3ACelWyBkrSvIpEmSrtjO/Breguet-and-200-years-of-the-wristwatch.html	parago
1811	Steamboats started replacing rafts and boats in rivers in US.		tpatikorn
1815 AD	The first electrostatic clock is invented, using research on physics and electricity to develop clocks.	http://www.historyofwatch.com/clock-history/ Visited: 3/23/2018	lgrande
1816	First Photographic Negatives -Through experimentation, Nicephore Niepce is able to expose an image onto paper coated with light-sensitive silver chloride.		tjstone
1816	First chronograph	http://en.worldtempus.com/article/watches/auctions-and-vintage/louis-moinet-the-chronographs-inventor-14550.html 9/8/2020	parago
1819	Charles Babbage watched the Mechanical Turk play. It peaked his interest, and ultimately resulted in him creating the first automatic mechanical calculator	https://www.britannica.com/story/the-mechanical-turk-ai-marvel-or-parlor-trick Accessed 08/30/2023	abeck
1818	Johann Martin Hermann comes up with the planimeter, a mechanical device to measure the area of arbitrary curves.		mjhagger
1820	The Arithmometer becomes the first commercially successful mechanical calculator patented.	http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi/computing-timeline.pl Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1820	Hans Christian Oersted creates mechanical movement from an electrical current.	Martin Doppelbauer, The Invention of the Electric Motor, http://www.eti.kit.edu/english/1376.php, (Access Date 8/29/2019)	agalgano
1822	Charles Babbage demonstrates a prototype of his "Difference Engine" to the Royal Astronomical Society.		eosowski
1822	Joseph Fourier discovers Harmonic Analysis.	Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph (1822). Théorie analytique de la chaleur. Paris, France: Chez Firmin Didot, père et fils.	aperucic
1826	First Photograph - Nicephore Niepce took the first permanent, positive image using a camera obscura. The exposure lasted eight hours.		tjstone
1826	Gas Stove patented by James Sharp	http://www.partselect.ca/Resources/Appliances-Timeline-Of-Their-Arrival.aspx	mjmcdonald
1827	Robert Brown is the first to observe a clear areola in an orchid and refers to it as the nucleus	http://www.jstor.org/stable/532143 Accessed: 9/6/2022	bclukens
1829	Braille invented		bjsharron
1830	Shorthand machine with punched paper		scbarry
1832	Savatore dal Negro developed a machine with gears that could raise 60 grams.	Martin Doppelbauer, The Invention of the Electric Motor, http://www.eti.kit.edu/english/1376.php, (Access Date 8/29/2019)	agalgano
1832	Analytical Machine, a programmable mechanical calculator was designed	https://www.britannica.com/technology/Analytical-Engine	rjsthilaire
1833	Thomas Davenport developed the first patent for an electric motor and is known as the inventor of the electric motor.	Joseph Michalowicz, Origin of the Electric Motor, https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.ezproxy.wpi.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6444428, (Access Date 8/28/2019)	agalgano
1833	Michael Faraday discovers a relationship between temperature and electrical conductivity in silver sulphide.		adurkee
1834	Blanc brothers encoded stock market data in a government-only semaphore line, giving them an advantage in the market.	Scott, Tom. (10/01/2018) How the First Ever Telecoms Scam Worked. [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/cPeVsniB7b0	zjester
1835	Alexander-Edmond Becquerel recorded the first instance of the photovoltaic effect.		adurkee
1835	Samuel Morse creates Morse code for communication over wires		mburns23
1836	Daniell Cell invented to fix the hydrogen bubble problem of the Voltaic Pile		djlaplante
1836	French paper La Presse is the first to include paid advertising, soon to be copied by all other titles.	George T Kurian, World press encyclopedia (1982) 1: 341-42.	jbbieber
1836	Matthias Schleiden made the key observation in plant cells that cells are independent and an integral part of the plant.	https://www.jstor.org/stable/56216 Accessed: 9/6/2022	bclukens
1837	The Daguerreotype - Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre develops a way to drastically reduce exposure time and patents his discovery.		tjstone
1837	Analytical Engine, a never-constructed machine designed by Charles Babbage, intended to perform near arbitrary computation.	http://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/engines/	crmyers
1838	US Congress designated all railroads as post routes.		tpatikorn
1838	Stereoscopic viewers were invented and refined to create 3D pictures.	https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html	bmwaid
1838	William Robert Grove invented the fuel cell, which uses hydrogen and oxygen		djlaplante
1838	Morse electric telegraph		emilymiller
1838	There were calls for the use of secret ballots in England for elections	D. W. Jones, "Early Requirements for Mechanical Voting Systems," (IEEE, 2009)	mfrossetti
1838-1843	Morse Code Developed		bjsharron
1839	William Robert Grove invented the fuel cell, which uses hydrogen and oxygen		djlaplante
1839	Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel recorded the first instance of hte photovoltaic effect with silver chloride-coated platinum electrodes in an aqueous nitric acid electrolyte.		adurkee
1839 AD	The Daguerreotype is invented	Masoner, Liz, "A Brief History of Photography and the Camera." (The Spruce Crafts. September 5, 2018) https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/brief-history-of-photography-2688527	kcariglia
1839	Theodor Schwann discovers that although animal and plant tissue look different they are both made up of cells	https://www.jstor.org/stable/56216 Accessed: 9/6/2022	bclukens
1841	Positive/Negative Process - William Henry Fox Talbot perfects a similar process to the Daguerreotype, however the exposure is negative. Therefore, multiple positive copies could be made of the same exposure. This becomes the primary method for all modern film development.		tjstone
1842	Robert Davidson tests an electric motor on a locomotive and reached a top speed of 4 mph.	Martin Doppelbauer, The Invention of the Electric Motor, http://www.eti.kit.edu/english/1376.php, (Access Date 8/29/2019)	agalgano
1842	The Poggendorff cell is invented, providing higher voltage, consistent current, and fumeless, though delicate and more work to operate.		djlaplante
1843	Ada Lovelace works with Charles Babbage to write the first algorithm for the Analytical Engine.	2. Friedman, L. W. (1992). From Babbage to Babel and beyond: A brief history of programming languages. Computer Languages, 17(1), 1-17. doi:10.1016/0096-0551(92)90019-j	jrtatone
1844	First telegraph signal, accredited to Samuel Morse	Library of Congress, “Invention of the Telegraph, https://www.loc.gov/collections/samuel-morse-papers/articles-and-essays/invention-of-the-telegraph/, (August 29th, 2019)	moneill
1844	William Robert Grove invents the Grove Cell, which provides high current and doubles the voltage of the Daniell cell. However it is proven that when operated, the cell gives off toxic fumes.		djlaplante
1844	Samuel Morse sends the first telegraph from Baltimore to Washington D.C.		mburns23
1844	Samuel F. B. Morse transmits the first viable telegraph message. Securities brokers quickly adopt the technology to send market quotations. The telegraph helps expand the stock market by making trades accessible to brokers and investors outside of New York.	http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/crash/1/	tleung
1844	Samuel F. B. Morse sends the first telegraphic message from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore via an experimental line.	Library of Congress, “Samuel F. B. Morse Papers at the Library of Congress, 1793 to 1919”, (LOC), https://www.loc.gov/collectio ns/samuel-morse-papers/articles-and-essays/invention-of-the-telegraph/ (5 Sept. 2021)	jrmalcarne
1844	The Morse telegraph system connects Baltimore to Washington, DC.		llhall
1844-1861	Hermann Lebert makes observations that lead him to falsely conclude that the cancer cell is distinguishable from the regular cell and thus there are two types of cells, he publishes this idea and his observations in three large volumes. This leads to seperation in the Parisian scientific community based on whether or not cancer cells are a different type of cell.	https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44631369 Accessed: 9/6/2022	bclukens
1847	George Boole represents logic in mathematical form with Boolean Algebra		eosowski
1848	R. E. Monaghan patented a device to count Yea and Nay votes using cranks, levers, and wires to punch a record into a sheet	D. W. Jones, “Technologists as Political Reformers: Lessons from the Early History of Voting Machines,” (The University of Iowa, October 2006), http://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/SHOTpaper.pdf, (April 1, 2020)	mfrossetti
1849	Austria attacks Venice with unmanned balloons loaded with explosives. The first recorded example of unmanned ariel attacks.	http://www.popsci.com/watch-brief-history-drone	addresser
1850	The idea of using several exposures to adequately reproduce a too-extreme range of luminance was pioneered as early as the 1850s by Gustave Le Gray to render seascapes showing both the sky and the sea.	J. Paul Getty Museum. Gustave Le Gray, Photographer. July 9 – September 29, 2002. Retrieved September 14, 2008	fmo
1851	Amedee Mannheim standardizes the modern version of the slide rule with four scales most common for calculation problems. The ruler could calculate squares, square roots, and other basic arithmetic operations.	http://www.oughtred.org/history.shtml Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1851	John Gorrie patents a mechanical fridge that cools food by making ice.	Sandvik AB. “Timeline of Refrigerators and Low-Temperature Technology.” Refrigerator Timeline - History of Low-Temperature Technology, www.historyofrefrigeration.com/refrigeration-history/timeline-of-refrigerators/.	tkwan
1851 AD	The Collodion (an improvement to the Daguerreotype) is invented	Masoner, Liz, "A Brief History of Photography and the Camera." (The Spruce Crafts. September 5, 2018) https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/brief-history-of-photography-2688527	kcariglia
1851	first drum washing machine invented by James King was hand powered.	“Evolution of Washing Machines Timeline.” Timetoast, November 15, 1851. https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/evolution-of-washing-machines.	amkwan
1854	Charles Babbage reinvented the wheel cipher.		zhenhe
1854	John Tyndall demonstrated to the Royal Society that light could be conducted through a curved stream of water, proving that a light signal could be bent.	https://www.thoughtco.com/birth-of-fiber-optics-4091837	aforozco
1854	George Boole introduces Boolean Algebra	http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15114/15114-pdf.pdf	reastwood
1855	first international code for maritime signal flags drafted	The History Behind Nautical Flags, https://www.allstarflags.com/facts/history-behind-nautical-flags/	nvanstralen
1856	Werner Siemens revolutionizes the design by introducing a double-T that winds in slots.	Martin Doppelbauer, The Invention of the Electric Motor, http://www.eti.kit.edu/english/1376.php, (Access Date 8/29/2019)	agalgano
1859	Gaston Plante invents a lead-acid battery that can be recharged (first rechargeable battery). This model battery is still in use today as car batteries.		djlaplante
1860	Willoughby Smith records the first instance of photoconductivity in metals.		adurkee
1860	The Pony Express is established as a mail service in the Western United States.		tpatikorn mburns23
April 3, 1860	The Pony Express begins operations, to connect Missouri and California.		llhall
1860s	Gravity cell, an alternative version of the Daniell cell, is invented. It yielded a higher current and was easily constructed/refillable manually.		djlaplante
1861	Samuel Morse Patents the design for the telegraph in America		epguleksen
1861	First Color Photograph - James Clerk Maxwell created the first color photograph by exposing the same picture three separate times with different colored filters. The three images were then combined to form a single color image.		tjstone
1861	The transcontinental telegraph wire is completed in US.		mburns23
1861	The Reis telephone was designed and built by Johann Philipp Reis		igbattaglia
October 26, 1861	The Pony Express ceases operations, two days after completion of the transcontinental telegraph line.		llhall
1861 AD	First color photograph is produced	Masoner, Liz, "A Brief History of Photography and the Camera." (The Spruce Crafts. September 5, 2018) https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/brief-history-of-photography-2688527	kcariglia
March 1861 - April 1865	The Civil War displaces men working as telegraph operators, and women take the role.		llhall
1864	James Clerk Maxwell proved the existence of electromagnetic waves.	http://www.itworld.com/article/2802953/mobile/a-brief-history-of-wireless-technology.html	zrrobbins
1865	Founding of WPI		jmforkey
1865	The Steam Man is created by John Brainerd. Considered a novelty item at the time, it was a 10 foot tall man looking machine that was used to pull carts.	http://timetunnel.bigredhair.com/steamman/index.html Visited on 3/19/2019	rnbeaver
1866	Leclanche battery (aka the Zn/NH4Cl/C battery or the wet battery) invented, consistent and descent voltage, this became widely popular.		djlaplante
1866	The first automobile (three wheeled Motor Car) was patented by Karl Benz.	https://www.livescience.com/37538-who-invented-the-car.html (Accessed March 21, 2018)	anpennie
1867	Electric generators emerge on the market and electricity is available to public.	Joseph Michalowicz, Origin of the Electric Motor, https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.ezproxy.wpi.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6444428, (Access Date 8/28/2019)	agalgano
1868	The first commercially successful typewriter was invented by Christopher Latham Sholes.	https://patents.google.com/patent/US79265 (Accessed March 22nd, 2018)	jbbrown
1868 AD	The first wristwatch is invented, designed as a fashion accessory for women.	http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/23/fashion/wrist-watches-from-battlefield-to-fashion-accessory.html Visited: 3/23/2018	lgrande
1869	Thomas Edison patented the Electric vote recorder that used telegraph keys to print a legislator's name onto a list	D. W. Jones, “Technologists as Political Reformers: Lessons from the Early History of Voting Machines,” (The University of Iowa, October 2006), http://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/SHOTpaper.pdf, (April 1, 2020)	mfrossetti
1870	First Mechanical Typewriter put into production.		fhunter
1870	Charles Sanders Pierce expands on Boolean logic, and introduces logic of relatives	https://books.google.com/books?id=fFnWmf5oLaoC&printsec=titlepage	reastwood
1872	Electric bread toaster invented by Maddy Kennedy in the United Kingdom	http://www.partselect.ca/Resources/Appliances-Timeline-Of-Their-Arrival.aspx	mjmcdonald
1873	Willoughby Smith discovers the photoconductivity of selenium, the first instance of recorded photoconductivity in metals.		adurkee
1873	Sholes and Glidden Typerwriter with querty keyboard put into production.		fhunter
1873	James Savage invented a voting bow with a crank to increase both a tally counter and endorse only a single ballot to prevent voter fraud	D. W. Jones, “Technologists as Political Reformers: Lessons from the Early History of Voting Machines,” (The University of Iowa, October 2006), http://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/SHOTpaper.pdf, (April 1, 2020)	mfrossetti
1874	The first calculator using the pin-wheel principle, the Odhner calculator, is invented. Future calculators would use the same principle.	http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi/computing-timeline.pl Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1874	Carl Ferdinand Braun created the first semiconductor rectifier, the diode.		adurkee
1874	first in home washing machine invented by William Blackstone	“Evolution of Washing Machines Timeline.” Timetoast, November 15, 1851. https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/evolution-of-washing-machines.	amkwan
1875	telephone patented by Alexander Graham Bell	Alex Thompson, A Brief History of Long Distance Communication, https://www.wilsonamplifiers.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-long-distance-communication/	nvanstralen
1876	Alexander Bell creates first working phone		epguleksen
1876	First Electric Refrigerator invented by German scientist Carl Von Linde	http://www.partselect.ca/Resources/Appliances-Timeline-Of-Their-Arrival.aspx	mjmcdonald
1876	Carl von Linde patents a machine that uses compressed ammonia to cool. This takes over the culinary scene	Sandvik. “The History of the Refrigerator.” The History of the Refrigerator - Sandvik Materials Technology, www.materials.sandvik/en/campaigns/fridge-of-the-future/the-history-of-the-refrigerator/.	tkwan
1876	Alexander Graham Bell won the first U.S. patent for the telephone	Elon University, “1870s-1940s: Telephone,” https://www.elon.edu/e-web/predictions/150/1870.xhtml, (August 29th, 2019)	moneill
1876	Alexander Graham Bell transmits the first instance of human speech over a telephone to his assistant, Thomas A. Watson, sitting in the next room.	PBS, “Alexander Graham Bell”, (PBS), https://www.pbs.org/transistor/album1/addlbios/bellag.html (4 Sept. 2021)	jrmalcarne
1876	John Moss and John Smith of New York built a "Cash Recording Machine".	https://www.proquest.com/docview/200449823?accountid=29120&pq-origsite=primo&parentSessionId=iC6ruZgm5FtNlv%2FteOQEour4mImZdbcoxq0yj4bQVXk%3D	asbrady
1877	Thomas Edison reveals the phonograph to record and play back sounds. A cylinder rotates as a needle presses against it. The needle vibrates due to sound and leaves wave patterns in the cylinder, leaving a recording of sound. He showed his phonograph in the New York office of Scientific American Magazine. Frenchman Charles Cros also claimed to have invented phonograph because he described a similar concept earlier than Edison. Interestingly, Edison did not work hard to commercialize the phonograph.		rpdabrowski
1877	The first dry cell battery is invented (improved by 1887), became very popular due to ease of use.		djlaplante
1877	The carbon microphone was invented by Thomas Edison and Emile Berliner.		igbattaglia
1878	Ramon de Verea invents the first direct multiplication machine. This computation method was faster than previous methods.	http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi/computing-timeline.pl Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1878	The first music is put on record: cornetist Jules Levy plays "Yankee Doodle."	Bruck, J., Grundy, A., & Joel, I. (1999, October 17). An Audio Timeline. Retrieved March 21, 2016, from http://www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/audio.history.timeline.html	cwjacobsohn
1878	The QWERTY Keyboard Layout is invented by Christopher Latham Sholes. The layout is designed to reduce typewriter jamming.	https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/fact-of-fiction-the-legend-of-the-qwerty-keyboard-49863249/ (Accessed March 22 2018)	jbbrown
1879	James Ritty and his brother John constructed the first cash register. The cash register could open, but it could not calculate change.	M. Quinn, Ethics for the Information Age (Pearson, 2024), 6	ygong5, kacummings
1879	Universal Postal union established	The History of Mail and the Postal System, https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-mail-1992142	nvanstralen
1880	Photophone created by Alexander Graham Bell proved capacity for light to hold an audio signal	Bellis, Mary. "How Fiber Optics Was Invented." ThoughtCo, Jun. 27, 2021, thoughtco.com/birth-of-fiber-optics-4091837. (September 4, 2023)	agjensen
1880	The telephone network starts to become substantial with more than 50,000 telephone lines existing in the United States.	Shinder, Debra L., Computer Networking Essentials (Cisco Press, 2001), 3. http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com.ezproxy.wpi.edu/book/networking/1587130386/introduction-to-pc-networking/3?uicode=wpi (9/2/2015)	svadlamudi
1880	Chichester Bell and Charles Tainter improve on the phonograph by using a wax cylinder instead of tin foil and by using a floating stylus to incise, rather than indent, the cylinder. This improved device was called a graphophone.	History of the Cylinder. Retrieved March 21, 2016, from https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/history-of-edison-sound-recordings/history-of-the-cylinder-phonograph/	cwjacobsohn
1880	Pierre Curie in 1880 described the piezoelectric effect whereby mechanical distortion of ceramic crystals would produce an electric charge	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987368/	Rtong
1880's	Invention of the first punch card system by John Shaw Billings after public demand for a more detailed census statistics.	Heide, Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1954, (John Hopkins University Press, 2009), p.1-37, 105-127, 252-168	jdwalden
1881	William Grylls Adams and Richard Evans Day discover that selenium produces electricity when in light.		adurkee
1881	Alexander Graham Bell made the first metal detector in order to try to save President James Garfield after being shot.	https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-metal-detector-1992303	cemcdonough
1881 AD	Roll film camera is invented	Masoner, Liz, "A Brief History of Photography and the Camera." (The Spruce Crafts. September 5, 2018) https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/brief-history-of-photography-2688527	kcariglia
1881	The Ritty brothers sold their rights to the machine and the new owners added a cash drawer.	National Museum of American History, “Cash and Credit Registers,” (Smithsonian Institution, n.d), https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/cash-and-credit-registers (9/1/22).	tbgoggin
1882	Nikola Tesla invents a two-stage induction motor.	Joseph Michalowicz, Origin of the Electric Motor, https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.ezproxy.wpi.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6444428, (Access Date 8/28/2019)	agalgano
1883	The world's first printing calculator, the Scheutz Difference Engine, was invented.	http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi/computing-timeline.pl Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1883	Charles Fritts creats the first photovoltaic cell by melting thin sheets of selenium on a metal substrate and placing a thin gold leaf on top of the selenium.		adurkee
1884	John H. Patterson bought the cash register business and renamed it the National Cash Register Company.	https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/National_Cash_Register_Company (Accessed 9/1/2022)	tbgoggin
1884	Heman Hollerith engineered a way to use punched cards with tabulators for the 1890 census utilizing circular holes	Heide, Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1954, (John Hopkins University Press, 2009), p.1-37, 105-127, 252-168	jdwalden
1885	Roll Film - Instead of glass, paper, or other expensive materials, George Eastman and William H. Walker develop the first roll of film and a camera to use it with. The Kodak camera was born.		tjstone
1885	Gyrocompass is patented, meant to be used by ships for navigation	Galison, Peter (187). How experiments end. pp. 34-37.	ptspillane
1885	Frank Reade jr. created the “Electric Man”, an electric Version of John Brainerd’s Steam Man	https://www.robotshop.com/media/files/PDF/timeline.pdf	rnbeaver
1886	Carl Benz patents the first automobile. It would be considered a level 0 autonomy car.	Suzanne Deffree, Karl Benz drives the first automobile, July 3, 1886, (EDN.com, 7/3/19), https://www.edn.com/karl-benz-drives-the-first-automobile-july-3-1886/ (Accessed 4/2/21)	cctulig, jpoulos
1887	The Comptometer, the first key-driven adding and calculating machine, is invented by Dorr Felt.	http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi/computing-timeline.pl Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1887	Emile Berliner invents and patents the Gramophone, a non-wax disc photo-engraved with a lateral-cut groove.	Schoenherr, S. E. (2005, July 6). Recording Technology History. Retrieved March 21, 2016, from http://www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/recording.technology.history/notes.html	cwjacobsohn
1887	Heinrich Hertz produced, sent and received wireless waves using reflectors to amplify the waves	http://www.wirelesscommunication.nl/reference/chaptr07/history.htm	zrrobbins
1888	Friedrich Haselwander develops a three-coil voltage system that runs synchronized as a generator.	Martin Doppelbauer, The Invention of the Electric Motor, http://www.eti.kit.edu/english/1376.php, (Access Date 8/29/2019)	agalgano
1888	Medical Use of bent glass rods by Roth and Reus of Vienna	Bellis, Mary. "How Fiber Optics Was Invented." ThoughtCo, Jun. 27, 2021, thoughtco.com/birth-of-fiber-optics-4091837. (September 4, 2023)	agjensen
1888	Hertz demonstrates the existence of radio waves, prompting the search for suitable detectors.		adurkee
1888	Emile Berliner displays his invention, the record player, as an alternative to the phonograph.		rpdabrowski
1888	The Telautograph enabled written communication over long distances by the use of recorded electrical impulses that transmitted to the receiving telautograph.		wtao
1888 AD	Kodak is founded	Masoner, Liz, "A Brief History of Photography and the Camera." (The Spruce Crafts. September 5, 2018) https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/brief-history-of-photography-2688527	kcariglia
1888	an article called novel reading "evil" and compared it to "dram drinking"	https://timeline.com/what-technology-are-we-addicted-to-this-time-f0f7860f2fab	amkwan
1890	Herman Hollerith created the most successful Mechanical tabulating machines.		ygong5
1890s	Azel C. Hough created a device, the Hough Security Cash Recorder, that was able to create slips recording transactions and use locks to offer protection against intruders.	National Museum of American History, “Cash and Credit Registers,” (Smithsonian Institution, n.d), https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/cash-and-credit-registers (9/1/22).	tbgoggin
1891	William Burroughs begins to commercial manufacture his adding calculator through the Burroughs Adding Machine Company. Calculators became commonplace in American business offices.		dssilva
1891	The first electric car was built by William Morrison.	https://www.livescience.com/37538-who-invented-the-car.html (Accessed March 21, 2018)	anpennie
1891	Ernest Mercadier introduced the very first headset , meant for the telephone	https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-partial-history-of-headphones-4693742/	alate
1891	Nikola Tesla invented the Tesla Coil which could conduct electricity through the air.	Nikola Tesla, SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC LIGHTNING (United States Patent US454622A, 06/23/1891), https://patents.google.com/patent/US454622 (09/05/2023)	akzhang
1892	Nikola Tesla experiments with energy frequency's, predicts that it could be used for telecommunications in the future
1892	The Myers Automatic Booth, the first lever voting machine, was used in Lockport, New York	Douglas W. Jones, “A Brief Illustrated History of Voting,” (The University of Iowa, 2003), http://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/pictures/, (April 1, 2020)	mfrossetti
1890s	Phone is used more after the initial first patent expires		epguleksen
1894	Berliner's company, the United States Gramophone Company, puts rubber gramophone discs on the market. These discs could be mass-produced, unlike cylinders at the time, and they were quickly adopted as a result.	Emile Berliner and the Birth of the Recording Industry. (2001, June). Retrieved March 21, 2016, from https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/berlhtml/berlhome.html	cwjacobsohn
1895	Wilhelm Rontgen discovers x-rays	http://www.ncmedicaljournal.com/content/75/2/111.full.pd	lnguyen3
1895	first radio signal sent and received by Guglielmo Marconi	http://www.ncmedicaljournal.com/content/75/2/111.full.pd	lnguyen3
1895	Guglielmo Marconi creates first wireless system capable of transmitting a signal long distances	The Invention of Radio Technology, https://www.thoughtco.com/invention-of-radio-1992382	nvanstralen
1895	Waldmar Jungner invents a nickel-cadmium rechargeable battery. First alkaline battery. Very expensive however Much higher energy than any previous battery.		djlaplante
1895	Guglielmo Marconi sent and received the first radio signal	Worcester State University, “Who Invented the Radio?”, https://public.wsu.edu/~bryan.mclaughlin/Radio/Who_Invented_Radio.html, (August 29th, 2019)	moneill
1896	Electronic fencing hit detection created	https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-long-history-behind-fencers-hitdetecting-electrified-gear	ggsmith
1896	Guglielmo Marconi creates the first wireless telegraph system	http://www.wirelesshistoryfoundation.org/wireless-history-project/wireless-history-timeline	zrrobbins
1896	Samuel P. Language developed the first unmanned aerial vehicle. A steam-powered unmanned aircraft that flew for around 60 seconds above the Potomac River	https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/langley-aerodrome-number-5 Visited: 3/23/2018	hdunphy
1897	Marconi demonstrated a radio transmission over 18 miles of the English Channel. The first wireless company, Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company was founded.	http://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/24759	zrrobbins
1897	Karl Ferdinand Braun creates a cathode ray oscilloscope, the first applied use of CRT display technology. By controlling the direction of electrons, Braun was able to generate markings on a screen.	http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/cathode.html, “Ferdinand Braun” (Britannica, June 2, 2020), https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Braun (accessed April 6, 2021)	nadiaz, larathke
1897	Edwin Votey invents the Pianola, the first player piano	https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_605795	jmmoy
1898	Valdemar Poulsen develops and patents the telegraphone, the first magnetic recorder, which works by magnetizing thin steel wire.	Morton, D. Inventing the Wire Recorder. Retrieved March 21, 2016, from http://www.recording-history.org/HTML/wire2.php	cwjacobsohn
1898	Nikola Tesla builds and demonstrates a remote controlled robot boat at Madison Square Garden.		eosowski
1898	First electronic hearing aid	https://hearingsystemsinc.com/the-history-of-hearing-aids/ 9/8/2020	parago
1899	The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell		mburns23
1900	Thomas Lambert develops a method for mass-producing indestructible celluloid cylinder audio recordings.	Schoenherr, S. E. (2005, July 6). Recording Technology History. Retrieved March 21, 2016, from http://www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/recording.technology.history/notes.html	cwjacobsohn
1900	The first hybrid car was invented by Ferdinand Porsche.	https://www.livescience.com/37538-who-invented-the-car.html (Accessed March 21, 2018)	anpennie
1900	Tabulating Machine Company releases cards with 24 columns and 10 positions	IBM, The IBM Punched Card, (IBM 100), https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/punchcard/#:~:text=Punched%20cards%20date%20back%20to,what%20would%20eventually%20become%20IBM (9/3/2023)	jdwalden
1901	Carl Ferdinand Braun uses semiconductor rectifiers to receive radio signals.		adurkee
1901	Marconi sends "first successful transatlantic radio communication". This helped him prove that the Earth's curvature does not affect radio signals.		mburns23
1901	Nikola Tesla begins the goal of wireless powering and attempts it with his Wardenclyffe tower	Tesla Science Center, Tesla's Tower at Wardenclyffe (2020), https://teslasciencecenter.org/history/tower/ (09/04/2023)	akzhang
1902	Danish engineer, Valdmar Poulsen, invents Poulsen-Arc, a radio transmitter
1902	Edison introduces his own method for mass-producing hard wax cylinders.	Schoenherr, S. E. (2005, July 6). Recording Technology History. Retrieved March 21, 2016, from http://www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/recording.technology.history/notes.html	cwjacobsohn
1902	Air Conditioner invented by Willis Haviland Carrier	http://www.partselect.ca/Resources/Appliances-Timeline-Of-Their-Arrival.aspx	mjmcdonald
1902	First science fiction film released: the French Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip To The Moon)	http://brainknowsbetter.com/news/2014/2/21/georges-melies-a-trip-to-the-moon-reveals-the-psychology-of-film	kthooppalvasu
1903	Einhoven creates electrocardiogram	http://smj.sma.org.sg/5301/5301ms1.pdfd	lnguyen3
1903	The nickel-iron battery is invented, light weight and durable, though not as powerful as alkaline.		djlaplante
1903	Nikola Tesla patents electrical AND gates	https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.ezproxy.wpi.edu/document/4397196/citations#citations	reastwood
1904	Welte in Freiburg, Germany succeeds in using perforated paper record and reproduce an original piano performance, essentially inventing the player piano.		rpdabrowski
1904	Christian Hülsmeyer invents “Telemobiloskop” to transmit and receive Hertzian waves to give alarm for the presence of a metallic object such as a ship or a train, in the direction of transmission.	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00584-3. (last retrieved March 19, 2023).	rpdabrowski
1905	John Fleming invents the Vacuum Tube	http://www.pbs.org/transistor/science/events/vacuumt.html	ajthompson
1906	William Randolph Hearst begins to use cylinder recordings of his speeches in his campaign for governor of New York.	Schoenherr, S. E. (2005, July 6). Recording Technology History. Retrieved March 21, 2016, from http://www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/recording.technology.history/notes.html	cwjacobsohn
1906	After extensive testing of materials while working on wireless signals, Greenleaf Whittier Pickard discovers silicon crystals as the most stable of rectifiers for receiving wireless signals out of about 30000 materials.		adurkee
1906	Harvard releases report on “The Physical Aspect of American Football” in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal first using term of concussion of the brain in a medical journal and further describes TBI effects		mhsultan
1906	First Audio Radio Broadcast is sent on December 24, 1906
1906	Thaddeus Cahill invents the first polyphonic, touch-sensitive music synthesizer.	Weidenaar, Reynold (1995). Magic Music from the Telharmonium. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.	aperucic
1906	Creation of first semiconductor diode.	Zhang, J, Eternal 5D data storage by ultrafast laser writing in glass, (University of Southampton, 3/4/2016), https://www-spiedigitallibrary-org.ezpxy-web-p-u01.wpi.edu/conference-proceedings-of-spie/9736/1/Eternal-5D-data-storage-by-ultrafast-laser-writing-in-glass/10.1117/12.2220600.full, (4/2/2020)	maferreira
1906	Reginal Fessenden sets the stage for commercialized radio by sending the first ever long-distance transmission of music and human voice via radio waves.	American Experience, “The Development of Radio”, (PBS), https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/ americanexperience/features/rescue-development-radio/ (4 Sept. 2021)	jrmalcarne
1907	UPS was founded.		tpatikorn
1907	Lee De Forest invents the triode tube, capable of not only acting as a diode, but also an amplifier for the signal passing through the tube.	https://www.google.com/patents/US879532, Retrieved: March 21, 2016
1908	first electric powred washing machine invented by Alva J. Fisher, manufactured by the Hurley Machine Company of Chicago	“Evolution of Washing Machines Timeline.” Timetoast, November 15, 1851. https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/evolution-of-washing-machines.	amkwan
1910	Navy uses headset/headphones for Naval radio operators	https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-partial-history-of-headphones-4693742/	alate
1910's	first bookkeeping systems using punched cards was launched. These systems printed calculations and the original information that was on the punched cards. Competition grew for the Tabulation Machine Company	Heide, Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1954, (John Hopkins University Press, 2009), p.1-37, 105-127, 252-168	jdwalden
1911	Torre's Automatic Chess Player	https://chessprogramming.wikispaces.com/El+Ajedrecista	awheeler2
1911	Fred Wiseman flew with mails from Petaloma to Santa Rosa, California in 1911.		tpatikorn
1912	Creation of electric stove completed by Lloyd Groff Copeman	http://www.partselect.ca/Resources/Appliances-Timeline-Of-Their-Arrival.aspx	mjmcdonald
1912	Lawrence Sperry invents the first autopiloted aircraft (9 years after the wright brothers made the plane).	https://scandinaviantraveler.com/en/aviation/the-story-of-the-worlds-first-autopilot	calobo
1912	Boris Rosing uses the cathode ray tube as a “television”	Alexander B Magoun, Television: The Life Story of a Technology, (Greenwood Press, 2007), https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=EbHOEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&ots=VGKBnYSbl8&sig=rpRqEEDiBc0YY7l1PdwG6IzVNRU#v=onepage&q&f=false (9/2/2023)	rkoffstein
1912	El Ajedrecista, the first automatic mechanical chess machine, was created by Leonardo Torres y Quevedo	https://history-computer.com/leonardo-torres-chess-machine/ Accessed 08/30/2023	abeck
1913	FedEx was founded.		tpatikorn
1913	Stenography machines called "stenotype"		scbarry
1913	First refrigerator for home use created by Fred W. Wolf	http://www.greatachievements.org/?id=3768	mjmcdonald
1913	First electric dishwasher on the market, created by Walker Brothers	http://www.greatachievements.org/?id=3768	mjmcdonald
1913	Echo Sounder is created to measure depth and distance at sea using sound waves	Salous, Sana (2013). Radio Propagation Measurement and Channel Modelling. John Wiley & Sons. P. 424.	ptspillane
1913	First factory assembly line was introduced by Ford Motor which represents one of the earliest forms of automation.	https://www.brighthubengineering.com/manufacturing-technology/126293-history-of-automation-in-manufacturing/#history-of-automation-in-manufacturing	calobo
1914	First technical application of ultrasound (first working sonar system)	http://www.ob-ultrasound.net/history1.html	lnguyen3
1915	Carl Benedicks found that germanium's resistance lay between that of silver and tin, and produced a diode using germanium, platinum, and copper.		adurkee
1915	The automatic telephone exchange is created, removing the need for operators on every call.		mburns23
1915	British use ariel imagery to capture 1500 sky view maps of the German trench fortifications.	http://www.popsci.com/watch-brief-history-drone	addresser
1915	His pupil Paul Langevin built the first hydrophone which used ultrasonic waves to locate the position and distance of submarines and is the principle behind the measurement of the fetus and abdominal masses by ultrasound.	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987368/	Rtong
1916	First 2 way radio test on naval warships		tasellielund23
1916	One of the first feature-length science fiction films released: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.	https://publicdomainreview.org/collections/20000-leagues-under-the-sea-1916/	kthooppalvasu
1916	leather helmet made for football players protection in response to the onslaught of injuries stemming from the sport. More helmets would be made for the same purpose		mhsultan
1917	Vernam cipher invented. The Vernam Cipher is a symmetric cipher intended to encrypt teletype messages. The method of encryoption is combining the original plaintext message with a sequence of random polyalphabetic characters.	https://www.hypr.com/vernam-cipher/	zhenhe, rcsawka, mjadragna
1917	British intelligence intercepts the German transmission known as the Zimmerman Telegram. After decoded, the British discover that Germany had planned to offer Mexico US territory in return for allying with them in the war.	Prichard, Roger, "History of Encryption", (SANS Institute, 2002), https://www.giac.org/paper/gsec/1555/history-encryption/102877#:~:text=The%20first%20use%20of%20encryption,method%20called%20the%20substitution%20cipher. 9/1/2021, John F. Dooley, "History of Cryptography and Cryptanalysis: Codes, Ciphers, and Their Algorithms", (Springer Nature, 2018), https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-90443-6, (3/19/2024)	bnsahagian, abollinger (additional source added)
1918	The US creates ariel torpedoes that work as kamikaze drones. The war ended before these drones saw use.	http://www.popsci.com/watch-brief-history-drone	addresser
1919	Animator Max Fleischer invented rotoscoping - a process of tracing over actual footage frame-by-frame	https://medium.com/@lumrachele/a-brief-history-of-motion-tracking-technology-and-how-it-is-used-today-44923087ef4c	kofichtner
1919	Walter H. Schottky invented the tetrode tube, an improvement over the triode, by adding an electrical screen between the control grid and the anode, which decouples the two to allow for higher voltage gains with a single tube.	http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6218283	ajthompson
1920	The very first radio news program is broadcast, signaling radio as the new dominant medium for entertainment, news, and accessibility of information		prlee
1920's	Improved calculation capabilities and now included letters. Europe began adopting Punched card technology	Heide, Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1954, (John Hopkins University Press, 2009), p.1-37, 105-127, 252-168	jdwalden
1920	John Hugo Mfg. Co. developed a toy for young children called Radio Rex that would move forward when the dog's name, Rex, was called.	Gold, Bernard, Nelson Morgan, and Dan Ellis. "Chapter 4: Brief History of Automatic Speech Recognition." Speech and Audio Signal Processing: Processing and Perception of Speech and Music. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011. N. pag. Print.	leantul
1920	European cinema diverges from American cinema in using science fiction for social commentary. Example: Aelita: Queen of Mars	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films#Silent%20film. Aelita: http://sensesofcinema.com/2010/cteq/aelita-queen-of-mars/	kthooppalvasu
1920	Electrostatic pickups first invented and implemented in string instruments	A. Ingram, A concise history of the electric guitar. Pacific, MO: Mel Bay Publications, 2001.	sparks
1920	First guitar amplifier created using vacuum tubes	J. Teagle, “Antique Guitar Amps 1928-1934,” Vintage Guitar, Sep-1997.	sparks
1920s	Pre-print fact checking departments introduced in major news publications	Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., & Graves, L. (2015, April 22). The diffusion of fact-checking: Understanding the growth of a journalistic innovation. Retrieved April 02, 2021, from https://www.issuelab.org/resource/the-diffusion-of-fact-checking-understanding-the-growth-of-a-journalistic-innovation.html	aebolduc
1921	Pager was invented - First used by Detroit Police Department	https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-pagers-and-beepers-1992315	psjain
1921	One of the first radio stations to host music program airs under the name 'WJZ'
1921	Czech writer Karel Capek introduces the word "Robot" in his play "R.U.R"(Rossuum's Universal Robots)" "Robot in Czech comes from the word "robota" meaning "compulsory labor"		eosowski
1921	First try of car-to car radio	(2016, May 19). In 1921 first car-to-car radios are used. by Gyasi C. on Prezi. Retrieved March 24, 2017, from https://prezi.com/0c6dbmxmfen3/in-1921-first-car-to-car-radios-are-used/	yzhou8
1921	First graphing calculator is invented by Edith Clarke	Charlotte Montague, Women of Invention Life-Changing Ideas by Remarkable Women	dstusalitus
1921	First trans-Atlantic tests of radio communications. WPI's station is one of the first heard in Scotland.	http://wpiwa.wpi.edu/about.html	csalter2
1922	Bell Telephone Laboratories develops and produces a "condenser microphone," which is designed to better reduce distortion, increase bass response, and capture more of the highs and lows of sound. Arthur Scerbius built the German Enigma machine.		zhenhe
1922	BBC broadcasts first radio program	http://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/24759	zrrobbins
1922	Guglielmo Marconi first proposes the concept of radar in a speech at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and The Institute of Radio Engineers	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00584-3. (last retrieved March 19, 2023).	kjlopez
1923	First electric key punch is designed by IBM. This was one of the earliest machines that could be used to create data and input for computers.	http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1923.html (accessed March 21, 2016).	djkiourtsis
1923	First prototype of the Enigma machine is invented sold as a commercial product by German engineer Arthur Scherbius.	Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the internet . Cambridge ;: Cambridge University Press.	etarthur
1923 AD	First instant camera is invented	Masoner, Liz, "A Brief History of Photography and the Camera." (The Spruce Crafts. September 5, 2018) https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/brief-history-of-photography-2688527	kcariglia
1924	Electric Recorders - The electronic amplifier by Western Electric inspired Columbia to develop electric recording technology. It turned out to be a huge success. The electronic recorders soon become more popular than traditional acoustic players.		bangyan
1924	Zugtelephonie AG started supplying wireless telephone equipment for trains.	https://historycooperative.org/first-cell-phone/	hwang15
1924	The First ever teaching Machine, called the Pressey Teaching Machine, is demonstrated at the American Psychological Association by Sidney Leavitt Pressey.	Benjamin, L. T. (1988). A history of teaching machines. American Psychologist, 43(9), 703–712. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.43.9.703	elevin
1925	35mm Film - Developed by Leica, this film size becomes the most popular size for amateur photographers.		tjstone
1925	Houdina Radio Control demonstrates a radio controlled car called the Linriccan Wonder in New York City. The car is controlled by a passenger in a following car.	Driverless Dreams: Technological Narratives and the Shape of the Automated Car. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. Pg. 11. http://www.estayton.com/Stayton_DriverlessDreams_May5_2015.pdf.	aaadkins
1925	Gerhard Fischar created portable metal detector which was sold commercially in 1931.	https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-metal-detector-1992303	cemcdonough
1925	The New York Times reports that “the competition among the radio experts of several countries, including the United States, for the achievement of ‘television’ has been won by the French inventor, Edouard Belin.”	Bakalar, Nicholas, “When ‘Symptoms of Television’ Began Their Inexorable Spread”, (New York Times, 29 Feb. 2016), https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/01/science/television-history.html#:~:text=On%20May%2018%2C%201939%2C%2C,new%20subhead%3A%20%E2%80%9CTelevision.%E2%80%9D&text=An%20earlier%20version%20of%20this,the%20%E2%80%9CRadio%20Today%E2%80%9D%20listings (5 Sept. 2021)	jrmalcarne
1926	Walter H. Schottky invented the tetrode tube, an improvement over the triode, by adding an electrical screen between the control grid and the anode, which decouples the two to allow for higher voltage gains with a single tube	http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6218283	ajthompson
1926	The first computer-aided instruction (CAI) was invented by Pressey. A teaching machine, a multiple-choice machine, was developed by Sydney Pressey, Professor of Psychology at Ohio State University.	Haran, Michael. “A History of Education Technology.” The Institute of Progressive Education and Learning, institute-of-progressive-education-and-learning.org/a-history-of-education-technology/.	ekim4
1927	Plus four wristlet route indicator released		hsahay
1927	First successful demonstration of electronic television by 21-year-old Philo Farnsworth	Mitchell Stephens, “History of Television,” https://www.nyu.edu/classes/stephens/History%20of%20Television%20page.htm, (August 29th, 2019)	moneill
1927	General George Squier patents technology allowing music to be transmitted over electrical lines	https://www.google.com/patents/US1641608?dq=1641608	egouveia
1928	Pagers were officially launched - Allowed for 1-way radio communication with police cars	https://www.silicon.co.uk/mobility/smartphones/tales-tech-history-pager-204285	psjain
1928	First ever Television Broadcast	https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/bigdream-tv-milestones/#:~:text=Television's%20first%20drama%2CThe%20Queen's,reception%20of%20images%20in%201929	mssensat
1928	One-way police radio communication
1928	The N.Y.S.E. introduces new and improved high-speed tickers. The devices can print 500 characters per minute, almost twice as fast as the earlier models.	http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/crash/2/	tleung
1928	Invention of magnetic tape for recording sound by Fritz Pfleumer in Germany
1928	IBM releases cards with 80 columns, 10 rows for numbers, and rectangular holes	IBM, The IBM Punched Card, (IBM 100), https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/punchcard/#:~:text=Punched%20cards%20date%20back%20to,what%20would%20eventually%20become%20IBM (9/3/2023)	jdwalden
1928	Electric refrigerators use freon as a safer compression liquid alternative	Sandvik. “The History of the Refrigerator.” The History of the Refrigerator - Sandvik Materials Technology, www.materials.sandvik/en/campaigns/fridge-of-the-future/the-history-of-the-refrigerator/.	tkwan
1928	IBM introduces the IBM punch card format utilizing 80 columns of rectangular holes.	IBM100—The IBM Punched Card. (2012, March 7). [CTB14]. IBM Corporation. http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/punchcard/	mchalmers
1928	John von Neumann created the Minimax algorithm	https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/courses/soco/projects/1998-99/game-theory/Minimax.html#:~:text=The%20Minimax%20algorithm%20is%20the,choice%20that%20a%20player%20makes. Accessed 08/30/2023	abeck
1929	First ever live television broadcast	https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/page/1f054f8e6830404e9a1d5c020720c6ac	mssensat
1929	Edward Link developed the “Link Trainer”, a commercial flight simulator that simulated the movements of a plane in actual flight.	https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html	bmwaid
1929	Herman A. Affel Invents and Patents Copper Coaxial Cable.	Herman A. Affel Coaxial Cable, (National Inventers Hall of Fame 2006) https://www.invent.org/inductees/herman-affel, (September 4, 2023)	agjensen
1929	German psychiatrist Hans Berger invents electroencephalography (EEG), which is the monitoring and recording of electrical activity within the brain. Although this breakthrough was largely ignored at the time due to general disinterest and its seemingly inapplicable nature, it was the first step to pave the way for further development of brain-computer interfacing.	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16334737/#:~:text=Abstract,MRI%2C%20DSA%2C%20etc.)	ajlee
1929	Milton Ezra LaZerte invents the Problem Cylender, a machine that could not only check if answers were right or wrong, but also check steps.	Hunka, S. M., & Buck, G. H. The Rise and Fall of CAl at the University of Alberta's Faculty of Education. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=a1f78a1adeac1e23a37a45b72a30bd13b59078ca	elevin
1930	Prototype “lap steel” electric guitar created that would be replicated and duplicated by many manufacturers later (used magnetic pickups instead of electrostatic)	A. Ingram, A concise history of the electric guitar. Pacific, MO: Mel Bay Publications, 2001.	sparks
1930
1930	Magnetic Recorders - Magnetic recording is widely used today for video and audio tape. It is actually introduced way back in the 1900s. However, it is in the 1930s that it truly becomes a popular recording way for the public and companies such as BBC. At that time, the best magnetic technology is in the hands of German companies.		bangyan
1930	IBM releases new version with 12 rows for numbers. Application of punched cards grows to business statistics and record management. Punched cards went from disposable data-procession tool to storage medium	IBM, The IBM Punched Card, (IBM 100), https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/punchcard/#:~:text=Punched%20cards%20date%20back%20to,what%20would%20eventually%20become%20IBM (9/3/2023)	jdwalden
1930	The Hike-o-meter becomes popular in America with the growing popularity of walking	Freedman, R. (2005). Children of the Clutch Plague. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.	tjaskoviak
1930	Dick Tracy - The Concept		hsahay
1930	Analog compression developed		bjsharron
1930	German medical student Heinrich Lamm was the first person to assemble a bundle of optical fibers to carry an image.	https://www.thoughtco.com/birth-of-fiber-optics-4091837	aforozco
1930s	Lever voting machines were used in most major United States cities and spread slowly to other districts	Douglas W. Jones, “A Brief Illustrated History of Voting,” (The University of Iowa, 2003), http://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/pictures/, (April 1, 2020)	mfrossetti
1932	Polish cryptologists broke the Enigma machine code	http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2215003/Secrets-Enigma-code-cracked-Polish-Brits-MPs-claim.html; Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the internet. Cambridge ;: Cambridge University Press.	ajmokotoff, etarthur
1932	Allen B. Du Mont creates the first commercially viable Cathode ray tube for television	Du Mont, A. (1932). An Investigation of Various Electrode Structures of Cathode Ray Tubes Suitable for Television Reception. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, 20(12), 1863–1877. https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1932.227747	mchalmers
1933	Two-way police radio communication
1933	FM Radio (frequency modulation) is invented by Edwin Armstrong
1933	Two-thirds of American households own at least one radio.
1933	George Artsrouni patents a basic translation device that makes use of stored paper tape to translate any word into another language.	Hutchins, W. John, “MACHINE TRANSLATION: A BRIEF HISTORY,” Concise history of the language sciences: from the Sumerians to the cognitivists (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1995), p431-445.	kmpicho
1933	Paul Lueg invents the concept of soundwave cancellation by using opposite soundwaves through speakers	https://www.headphonesty.com/2020/10/history-of-noise-cancelling-headphones/
1933	Leo Young and Lawrence Hyland devise with Hoyt Taylor a system of widely spaced transmitters and receivers at Fort Monmouth New York for detecting aircraft.	https://doi.org/10.1109/MAES.2000.839634. (last retrieved March 19, 2023).	kjlopez
1933	Petr Petrovich Troyanskii invents mechanical translator	https://historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=3887	nrgiangregorio
1934	Akira Nakashima introduces circuit switching theory	https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ieejfms/124/8/124_8_720/_article	reastwood
1935	Hammond Organ Company invents the first commercially successful additive synthesizer.	http://www.hammond-organ.com/History/hammond_lore.htm Visited 08/30/2017	aperucic
1935	Punched cards used primarily for bookkeeping and operating large registers of people	Heide, Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1954, (John Hopkins University Press, 2009), p.1-37, 105-127, 252-168	jdwalden
1935	The first RADAR system is invented, which will later be advanced and refined into use for weather and storm tracking, especially for tornadoes.	https://www.thoughtco.com/radar-and-doppler-history-4070020	amrebello
1935	Guglielmo Marconi begins experiments of mobile radar receiver and transmitter link between the Vatican and Castel Gandolfo in Italy	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00584-3 (last retrieved March 19, 2023).	kjlopez
1936	Alan Turing introduces the concept of a theoretical computer called the Turing Machine. Additionally, he introduces the principle of imitation.	Robert Epstein, Gary Roberts, Grace Beber, Parsing the Turing Test (Springer Science + Business Media B.V, 2009)	eosowski, rjsthilaire
1936	Ronald Fisher first describes Linear Discriminant Analysis	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher#cite_note-70	ljbuquicchio
1936	The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard is invented by Dr. August Dvorak. The layout intends to minimize finger motion and typing errors.	https://patents.google.com/patent/US2040248	jbbrown
1936	Alonzo Church discovers Lambda Calculus, the foundation for functional programming languages.	https://hope.simons-rock.edu/~pshields/cs/cmpt320/barendregt.pdf	rmschade
1937	First FM Radio station is created, W1X0J in Massachusetts
1937	The Polaroid Company was created after Edwin H. Land’s research at the Land-Wheelwright Laboratories studying polarizing lenses.	“Edwin Land and Instant Photography.” American Chemical Society, www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/land-instant-photography.html. Accessed 29 Aug. 2024.	mwnickerson
1937	Alan Turing publishes his "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem"	https://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/Turing_Paper_1936.pdf	jtreiss
1937 AD	Polaroid is founded	Masoner, Liz, "A Brief History of Photography and the Camera." (The Spruce Crafts. September 5, 2018) https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/brief-history-of-photography-2688527	kcariglia
1937	Bendix released the first automatic washing machine	“Evolution of Washing Machines Timeline.” Timetoast, November 15, 1851. https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/evolution-of-washing-machines.	amkwan
1938	Orson Welles' "The War of the World" is broadcast causing panic across nation, many citizens believing the alien invasion is real.
1938	Pulse-code modulation invented by Alec Reeves	Tony Hill, Digital Sound: Episode 5 of 5 (BBC, Sun 27 Mar 2011), https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00zs7v5 (11/2/20)	brdesousa
1938	Stenograph founded	https://www.stenograph.com/history-writers	scbarry
1939	Homer Dudley invented and showed the world the Voder which according to Bernard Gold's publication in The Lincoln Laboratory Journal, was a machine that, was controlled by a human operator who operated a console similar to a piano keyboard (pg. 163).	Gold, Bernard. "A History of Vocoder Research at Lincoln Laboratory." The Lincoln Laboratory Journal 3.2 (1990): 163-202. Lincoln Laboratory. Web. 4 Sept. 2015.	leantul
1939	United States creates the first remote controlled air craft called the radio plane OQ2	http://www.popsci.com/watch-brief-history-drone	addresser
1939	“Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs”, the first full-length American film using rotoscoping is released	http://www.engadget.com/2018-05-25-motion-capture-history-video-vicon-siren.html	kofichtner
1939	Norman Bel Geddes depicts radio-controlled autonomous vehicles propelled by electromagnetic fields produced by circuitry in roads at the World's Fair.	Autonomous Cars: Past, Present and Future - A Review of the Developments in the Last Century, the Present Scenario and the Expected Future of Autonomous Vehicle Technology. SCITEPRESS, 2015. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy.wpi.edu/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=7350466&tag=1. Pg 2	aaadkins
1939	One of the first entertainment television programs was the broadcasting of a Major League baseball game.	First Televised Major League Baseball Game, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-televised-major-league-baseball-game	mazyla
1940s	Magnetic-core memory was invented.	https://www.dataversity.net/brief-history-data-storage/	nchkhaidze
1940	"The History of Musical Instruments" by Curt Sachs offers the term 'electrophone', which is used to describe any kind of instruments that involved electricity.
1940	Issac Asimov produces a series of short stories about robots for Super Science Stories magazine, these stories are eventually compiled into the vont-size: small;">Information Theory developed leading to new techniques in data compression		bjsharron
1940	British physicists, Harry Boot and John Randall, developed the cavity magnetron which helped Britain fight back against Germany during WWII.	http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6331897.stm	nshukla
1940's	: First appearance of RFID Technology	Sun, Fan Jiang, Shaohua Jiang, Research on RFID Applications in Construction Industry, (Journal of Networks, 2013) https://www.proquest.com/docview/1366056513?accountid=29120&pq-origsite=primo&parentSessionId=S6xVI%2BVA7whL66KolxxLEbWWw8USanoysppGa29T8XU%3D (9/3/2023)	jdwalden
1940	Goliath a mobile landmine used by German forces was remotely controlled and could be remotely detonated.	http://www.allonrobots.com/military_robots_history.html Visited: 3/23/2018	hdunphy
1940	Dr. Edward Condon displays a game machine called the Nimatron at the New York World’s Fair.	Jeremy Norman, NIMATRON: An Early Electromechanical Machine to Play the Game of Nim, https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=4472 (Accessed 9/6/2020)	resallie
1941 AD	The first television news station is formed	M. Conway, "The Birth of CBS-TV News," Journalism History, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 128-137, 2006.	prlee
1941	Les Paul produces the very first electric guitar, known as "The Log". Navajo windtalkers used in World War II		zhenhe
1941	The Robinson code-breaking machine is built by the British to decode ENIGMA machine messages sent by the Germans		eosowski
1941	The Atanasoff-Berry computer is completed, able to solve systems of linear equations		xjjackson
1941	Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor. US fails to act on information intercepted by SIGINT	D. Owen, "A review of intelligence oversight failure: NSA programs that affected Americans," Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin, 2012.	mttaylor
1941	ZUSE Z3 Terminal - Konrad Zuse creates the ZUSE Z3. Its display was made up of rows of lamps to show the output of program code stored on punched film.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1 Wikipedia, Z3 (computer), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_(computer)	jhyuen
1942	Issac Asimov introduces the Three Laws of Robotics	https://search.proquest.com/docview/1646568398?pq-origsite=summon	rjsthilaire
1942	The U.S. Navy donated 25 surplus radars to the NWS (then known as the Weather Bureau), marking the start of a U.S. weather radar system.	https://www.weather.gov/about/radar	amrebello
1943	The first experimental tornado early warning system was installed in Wichita, KS; Kansas City, MO; and St. Louis, MO.	https://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/magazine/tornado_forecasting/#knowledge	amrebello
1943	Radio overtook newspapers in 1943	Joseph D Straubhaar, Communications Media in the Information Society, (Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1997), 179.	jpmcmanus
1943	McCulloch and Pitts publish their paper "A Logical Calculus of The Ideas Immanent In Nervous Activity" providing the basis for artificial neural networks.	http://www.minicomplexity.org/pubs/1943-mcculloch-pitts-bmb.pdf	nmmuesch
1943	French computer expert, Rene Carmille, hacked the punch cards used by the Nazis to locate Jews.	http://www.technonerdz.org/2015/01/unconventional-guide-hacking/	ajmokotoff
1943	The development of Radar by Watson-Watt and his team using electro-magnetic waves	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987368/	Rtong
1944	IBM and Harvard worked together to create the Mark I, the first programmable digital computer in the US.	Kopplin, J. (2002). An Illustrated History of Computers. Retrieved September 11, 2020, from http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/HistoryPt2.htm	jrtatone
1945	Project Shamrock. NSA begins recording telegraph data of US companies	D. Owen, "A review of intelligence oversight failure: NSA programs that affected Americans," Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin, 2012.	mttaylor
1945	Allied nations gain access to German invention of magnetic tape
1945	Mass production of refrigerators. The fridge is the standard for food safety	Sandvik. “The History of the Refrigerator.” The History of the Refrigerator - Sandvik Materials Technology, www.materials.sandvik/en/campaigns/fridge-of-the-future/the-history-of-the-refrigerator/.	tkwan
1945	The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) is completed. This was the first programmable, electoronic, general-purpose digital computer. This allowed for more complex computation in decision making.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC#:~:text=ENIAC%20(%2F%CB%88%C9%9Bni,digital%20computer%2C%20completed%20in%201945. Visited: 9/3/2024	tnhellgren
1946	The first sound engineering class and academic profession is created in Germany at the Music Institute at Detmold.
1946	AT&T mobile phone service system established in St.Louis	Klemens, G. (2010). The cellphone: the history and technology of the gadget that changed the world. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.	yzhou8
1946	Microwave accidentally invented during a radar research project by Dr. Percy Spencer	http://www.partselect.ca/Resources/Appliances-Timeline-Of-Their-Arrival.aspx	mjmcdonald
1946	Universal Recording founds by Bill Putnam
1946	Cold War begins	Erin Blakemore, What was the Cold War?, (National Geographic, 2019), https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ (2 Apr 2020)	icleaverstigum
1946	Ralph Benjamin invents the “roller ball”, now known as a track ball, for the British military		mjhagger
1947	The first hand-held mechanical calculator, the Curta miniature, is created. Very compact and cylindrical design.	http://history-computer.com/MechanicalCalculators/20thCentury/Curta.html Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1947	The United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium.	https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200011/history.cfm	tmarwaha
1947	The transistor is invented	http://www.wirelesshistoryfoundation.org/wireless-history-project/wireless-history-timeline	zrrobbins
1947	Commercial TV taking shape in US	History of Television, https://www.nyu.edu/classes/stephens/History%20of%20Television%20page.htm	mazyla
1947	Putnam records the first artist singing more than one line on a tape recorder
1947	Putnam creats artificial reverb along with other effects
1947	ENIAC Card Reader/Punch with IBM 405 Tabulator - The ENIAC used Hollerith punched cards for both input and output. Code would be punched into the input cards, the ENIAC would process the code, and then it would write out the output onto another card. These output cards could be read through the IBM 405 Tabulator.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1947	The first transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories.	https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EMkcZ2UPuu95BAHkGAW1YPhDVI2GfyMJh1pEu-wmjy0/edit?usp=sharing	nmbargman
1947	The first computer generated table of one million random numbers was constructed. This was the first computerized random number generator (RNG).	Pierre l'Ecuyer, History of uniform random number generation, (WSC 2017 - Winter Simulation Conference, December 2017), https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01561551	elin
1948	The first Random Access Memory (RAM) using cathode ray tubes is developed.	https://www.dataversity.net/brief-history-data-storage/	nchkhaidze
1948	Instant Prints - With the invention of the Polaroid camera, pictures could be printed directly from the camera and developed within minutes.		tjstone
1948	Initial work on barcode technology begins	Nayak, Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology and Applications in Fashion and Textile Supply Chain, (CRC press, 2019), p.19-40	jdwalden
1948	The point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists.	http://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/the-european-transistor-invention/	tmarwaha
1948	Frederic C. Williams and Tom Kilburn of the University of Manchester build the Small Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), one of the first computers with CRT output.	Peddie, J. (2013). The history of visual magic in computers how beautiful images are made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR (p. 297). London: Springer Science & Business Media.	tjnickerson
1948	After World War II, Edwin H. Land created the first instant camera for the Polaroid Corporation.	“Edwin Land and Instant Photography.” American Chemical Society, www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/land-instant-photography.html. Accessed 29 Aug. 2024.	mwnickerson
1948	Columbia records standardizes the 33 RPM vinyl record as a form of audio recording	http://journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy.wpi.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1469540513488403	rmabualhaija
1948	RCA introduces a 45 rpm vinyl microgroove record for playing and recording music.		rpdabrowski
1948	Tape recorders - Tape recorder took the position of phonograph and optical recording in the 1940s. Around 1946, the first consumer magnetic recorder came to the market. However, its market is soon replaced by that of tape recorder, which is much cheaper and better. Millions of these recorders were sold.		bangyan
1948	Ralph Teetor invents cruise control	MILESTONES: Ralph Teetor, Professional Engineering Publishing Ltd., 2010. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.wpi.edu/docview/609129156?pq-origsite=summon&accountid=29120.	aaadkins
1948	First piece of musique concrete publicly broadcasted
1948 AD	First commercially available instant camera is released	Masoner, Liz, "A Brief History of Photography and the Camera." (The Spruce Crafts. September 5, 2018) https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/brief-history-of-photography-2688527	kcariglia
1946-06-17	First mobile telephone call		emilymiller
March 1949	F. C. Williams and T. Kilburn outline a cathode ray tube display for computers.	F. C. Williams and T. Kilburn, "A Storage System for Use with Binary-Digital Computing Machines.” (Journal IEE, 1949), Pages 112-113.	pjjankowski
1949	First Telephone Pager Patented by Al Gross (Not for public use) - Used by New York City's Jewish Hospital	https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-pagers-and-beepers-1992315; https://www.silicon.co.uk/mobility/smartphones/tales-tech-history-pager-204285	psjain
1949	Warren Weaver proposes his theory of machine translation in his paper Memorandum on Translation	https://go.smartling.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-machine-translation/	mjgulbin
1949	The world's first programming language "Short Code" was invented	Ferguson, A. (n.d.). A history of computer programming languages. https://cs.brown.edu/~adf/programming_languages.html.	ozgreen
1949	Donald Hebb provides framework for neural networks	https://www.nature.com/articles/nn1100_1166	jtreiss
1949	Claude E. Shannon released the first algorithm for chess, titled Programming a Computer for Playing Chess	https://vision.unipv.it/IA1/aa2009-2010/ProgrammingaComputerforPlayingChess.pdf Accessed 08/30/2023	abeck
1950s	Cold War results in computers being developed for the US military	Slava Gerovitch, 'Mathematical Machines' of the Cold War: Soviet Computing, American Cybernetics and Ideological Disputes in the Early 1950s, ( Sage Publications, 2001), http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/files/2013/02/MathematicalMachinesoftheColdWar.pdf (2 Apr 2020); Michael Quinn, Ethics for the Information Age, 7th Edition, (Pearson, 2017)	icleaverstigum
1950	First use of the word "synthesizer" was used to describe electronic machines that were used to create sounds and music.		rpdabrowski
1950	Polaroid Corporation marketed and released their first fully black and white film.	“Edwin Land and Instant Photography.” American Chemical Society, www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/land-instant-photography.html. Accessed 29 Aug. 2024.	mwnickerson
1950	Modern magnetic tape recording has become the standard medium for recording audio.		obspring
1950	Stereo Sound - Stereo is introduced to the public and soon became popular in the 1950s. Although the stereo creates false sound instrument positions, the consumers like its 3D effect. This is why it becomes popular.		bangyan
1950	Huffman coding invented		bjsharron
1950	Bell labs successfully produced a working bipolar NPN junction amplifying germanium transistor.	http://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/first-grown-junction-transistors-fabricated/	tmarwaha
1950	Alan Turing introduces the Turing Test in his paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". The Turing Test is a test in which a human evaluator would judge text-based conversations between a human and a machine designed to generate human-like responses. If the evaluator could not reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine would pass the test. This marks the first recorded instance of generative AI being presented in society.	http://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/471/papers/turing.pdf; Robert Epstein, Gary Roberts, Grace Beber, Parsing the Turing Test (Springer Science + Business Media B.V, 2009) , https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/333140.333147; Lynellen D. S. Perry, The Turing test (ACM, May 1, 1998) (Access Date: March 18, 2024)	nmmuesch, rjsthilaire, ajli
1950	The first truly solid, wall-to-wall automated home was created and lived in by a mechanical whiz known as Emil Mathias in Jackson, Michigan of the USA	https://www.the-ambient.com/features/visions-through-the-ages-history-of-home-automation-178	dberardi
1950	SWAC Console - 2,300 vacuum tubes were used for storing memory and displaying that memory in a readable format.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1 Wikipedia, SWAC (computer), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAC_(computer)	jhyuen
1950s	Morton Heilig invented the Sensorama, a fully immersive theatre-cabinet with a stereoscopic viewer, moving chair, scents, and wind.	https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html	bmwaid
1950s	Metaphors/abstractions are used to describe computing tasks (e.g. “files,” programming “language,” “copy” and “paste”). Human computer interaction experts label this as engaging in a “dialogue” between humans and computers.	Imaz, Manuel, and David Benyon. Designing with Blends: Conceptual Foundations of Human-Computer Interaction and Software Engineering, MIT Press, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/wpi/detail.action?docID=3338668	ciduarte
1950s	Dr. Lawrence Jerome Fogel invents the first noise cancelling headphones for helicopter pilots	https://www.headphonesty.com/2020/10/history-of-noise-cancelling-headphones/
1951	First known computer-produced music. A Ferranti Mark 1 computer is programmed to beep out "Baa Baa Black Sheep".		jdfrench
1951	Ferranti Mark 1 Star - The Ferranti utilized Williams Tubes to display 20-bit words as a single line of dots.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1 Wikipedia, Ferranti Mark 1, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferranti_Mark_1	jhyuen
1951	UNIVAC I Console - The UNIVAC I’s display consisted of rows of tiny light bulbs that would blink to communicate to the user.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1951	The UNIVAC I becomes the first modern commercial computer to utilize magnetic tape for storing data.	The History of Magnetic Tape and Computing: A 65-Year-Old Marriage Continues to Evolve, (Iron Mountain, n.d.), https://www.ironmountain.com/resources/general-articles/t/the-history-of-magnetic-tape-and-computing-a-65-year-old-marriage-continues-to-evolve, Accessed 5 September 2023.	hzgandor
1951	First Neural Network Computer, SNARC	https://historyof.ai/snarc/	jtreiss
1951	MIT develops the “light gun” (better known as the light pen)		mjhagger
1952	Barcode technology is patented.	Nayak, Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology and Applications in Fashion and Textile Supply Chain, (CRC press, 2019), p.19-40	jdwalden
1952	AI OXO wins Tic-Tac-Toe	http://wpi.aci.info/view/14650deba575c0c0128/152861cf9a90012000a	awheeler2
1952	Trackball was invented by Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff	http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html	ppham
1952	Bell Labs developed a speech recognition machine with the ability to understand spoken number values after being accustomed to an individual's voice with only a 2% failure rate.	Gold, Bernard, Nelson Morgan, and Dan Ellis. "Chapter 4: Brief History of Automatic Speech Recognition." Speech and Audio Signal Processing: Processing and Perception of Speech and Music. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011. N. pag. Print.	leantul
1952	The United States establishes the National Security Agency: the organization which intercepts, decodes, and collects intelligence from foreign transmissions.	Prichard, Roger, "History of Encryption", (SANS Institute, 2002), https://www.giac.org/paper/gsec/1555/history-encryption/102877#:~:text=The%20first%20use%20of%20encryption,method%20called%20the%20substitution%20cipher. 9/1/2021	bnsahagian
1952	The first public tornado warning is issued from Tinker AFB in Oklahoma using developed forecasting technology and weather radar technology on base.	https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/weathermatrix/the-inside-story-of-the-first-us-tornado-warning/927905	amrebello
1953	First operational transistorized computer by University of Manchester team lead by Tom Kilburn.	http://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/transistorized-computers-emerge/	allewis
1953	UNIVAC division of Remington Rand releases A-2 source code free for modification. They encourage users to send improvements back to them, making A-2 one of the first open source software projects.	Dordal, Peter. “Open Source Computing Notes.” Loyola University Chicago, http://pld.cs.luc.edu/courses/412/spr20/mnotes/overview.html (6 September 2020)	omthode
1953	Chamberlin is invented by Harry Chamberlin and is considered to be the first sampler instrument using strips of tape, one tape for each separate key.	https://www.google.com/patents/US2940351	obspring
1953	General Motors and RCA complete a scale model of an automated highway system in which signals generated by the roads are used to control vehicles.	Kopplin, J. (2002). An Illustrated History of Computers. Retrieved September 11, 2020, from http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/HistoryPt2.htm	jrtatone
1953	Grace created the first high-level language called COBOL.	Driverless Dreams: Technological Narratives and the Shape of the Automated Car. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. Pg. 17	aaadkins
1953	Inge Edler and Carl Hertz in Lund University adapted a metal flaw detector to obtain M-mode recordings from the adult heart.	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987368/	Rtong
1954	Solar cells are invented, bringing forth Solar Energy in the electricity market.		djlaplante
1954	First pocket radio is invented by Regency		wofrick
1954	The first working silicon transistor was developed at Bell Labs	Chelikowski, J. (2004) "Introduction: Silicon in all its Forms", p. 1 in Silicon: evolution and future of a technology.	tmarwaha
1954	Gordon Teal produces the first silicon transistor at a meeting of the Institute of Radio Engineers in Ohio.		adurkee
1954	Morris Tanenbaum develops the first working silicon transistor at Bell Labs.	http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/devices/the-lost-history-of-the-transistor,	ajthompson
1954	Dutch scientist Abraham Van Heel and British scientist Harold H. Hopkins separately wrote papers on imaging bundles.	https://www.thoughtco.com/birth-of-fiber-optics-4091837	aforozco
1954	The Georgetown-IBM Experiment in New York City showcases a computer translating 49 pre-selected Russian sentences into English, which is the first public demonstration of translation technology. Its success sparks increased machine translation development around the world.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_machine_translation ; Hutchins, W. John, “MACHINE TRANSLATION: A BRIEF HISTORY,” Concise history of the language sciences: from the Sumerians to the cognitivists (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1995), p431-445.	mjgulbin, kmpicho
1955	Manganese-alkaline batteries (the common alkaline battery) is invented, lasting far longer and more powerful than carbon-zinc batteries and made affordable by Lewis Urry		djlaplante
1955	Robert Everett develops the light pen as part of MIT's Whirlwind project, the predecessor to the mouse.	Weisberg, D. (2008). Computer-Aided Design's Strong Roots at MIT. In The Engineering Design Revolution: The People, Companies and Computer Systems That Changed Forever the Practice of Engineering. Englewood, Colorado.	tjnickerson
1956	The Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence occurs at Dartmouth College, where John McCarthy coins the term "artificial intelligence".	Jordan Novet, What is Artificial Intelligence(CNBC, 2017), Accessed from https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/17/what-is-artificial-intelligence.html on 4/2/2021	eosowski, nelmaliki
1956	Herbert A Simon creates the term Satisficing, a mixture of satisfying and suffice.	Herbert A. Simon, Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment(Sage, 1956), Accessed from https://uk.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/25239_Chater~Vol_1~Ch_03.pdf on 4/2/2021	nelmaliki
1956	Morton Heilig created Sensormara, the first VR machine		tfan
1956	Allen Newell, J.C Shaw, and Herbert Simon demonstrated the first running AI program, Logic Theorist	https://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Software/LogicTheorist.html	rjsthilaire
1956	"Planetbot" one of the first commercial service robots was designed to perform 25 different movements to replicate the functions of a human arm.	http://cyberneticzoo.com/early-industrial-robots/1956-planobot-pick-and-place-industrial-robot-joe-b-brown-planet-corp/ https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/brief-history-robotics-1950	calobo
1956	Lincoln Labs builds one of the first missile tracking radars, the Millstone Hill UHF radar in Westford, Massachusetts.	https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR41533.2019.171388 (last retrieved March 19, 2023)	kjlopez
1956	The first adaptive teaching machine: Self-Adaptive Keyboard Instructor (SAKI), is invented by Gordon Park and Robin McKinnon-Wood	Michael Horwood (1993) Does interactivity require multimedia? The case of SAKI, ALT-J, 1:1, 65-71, DOI: 10.1080/0968776930010108	elevin
1957	SAGE Console - The SAGE used radar and oscilloscope cathode ray tubes to display vector information as it pertained to radar military applications, representing the first time an electronic screen was connected to a computer.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1, “IBM SAGE” (IBM, January 25, 2011), https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/sage/ (accessed April 6, 2021)	jhyuen, larathke
1957	John Koss, founder of Koss Corporation, creats the first ever commercial stereo headphones	https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-partial-history-of-headphones-4693742/	alate
1957	The creation of the light pen allowed users to directly interact with the computer screen.	Some Milestones in Computer Input Devices: An Informal Timeline, http://www.billbuxton.com/inputTimeline.html (accessed March 21, 2016).	djkiourtsis
1957	Max Matthews writes the MUSIC program at Bell Labs, one of the first pieces of software for music production. Later versions add polyphony and multiple instrument sounds. Numerous derivatives are created over the next decade.		jdfrench
1957	While working at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey, Max Mathews produces the world's first computer-generated sounds.		rpdabrowski
1957	Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) is Founded		eapolekoff
1957	First fully functional chess player program written	https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1958/11/29/runner-up-4	cpnota, bkohler
1957	The Standard & Poor 500 Index is introduced. Computer technology allows the S & P 500 to calculate and report market levels at one-minute intervals throughout the day.	http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/crash/2/	tleung
1957	Stylator is invented by Tom L. Dimond. This new tablet input directly to a computer instead of a receiving device. It used handwriting recognition as well.		wtao
1957	A blind seven year old boy discovers a perfect whistle pitch that interacts with AT&T's implementation of fully automatic switches, therefore opening up vulnerabilities.	http://www.radiolab.org/story/187724-long-distance/	ajmokotoff
1957	The famous 'Villa Arpel" set on "Mon Ocle" shows the first depcition of Home Automation in mass media	https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/book/home-networking-and-security/9781848213210/chapter-1-introduction/sec_1_2_html#X2ludGVybmFsX0h0bWxWaWV3P3htbGlkPTk3ODE4NDgyMTMyMTAlMkZzZWNfMV8yX2h0bWwmcXVlcnk9	dberardi
1957	The Monsanto House of the Future is built in Disney, the first physical conecpt of Home Automation	https://www.the-ambient.com/features/visions-through-the-ages-history-of-home-automation-178	dberardi
1957	IBM published FORTRAN	Michael Quinn, Ethics for the Information Age, 7th Edition, (Pearson, 2017)	icleaverstigum
1957	SAGE Console - The SAGE used radar and oscilloscope cathode ray tubes to display vector information as it pertained to radar military applications.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1957	Universal Recording moved to Hollywood in the form of Universal Recording Corp.
1957	Invention of Sensorama, the first attempt at Augmented Reality technology created by Morton Heilig.	Interaction Design Foundation, https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/augmented-reality-the-past-the-present-and-the-future	mchava
1957	First digital image is captured	Masoner, Liz, "A Brief History of Photography and the Camera." (The Spruce Crafts. September 5, 2018) https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/brief-history-of-photography-2688527	kcariglia
1957	PRONTO (Program for Numerical Tooling Operations) by Dr. Patrick J. Hanratty, the first commercial numerical control programming system.	https://www.cadazz.com/cad-software-history.htm	kwang8
1957	Sputnik 1, launched by the USSR, is the first artificial satellite launched into space	Sputnik 1. (2011, October 04). Retrieved September 07, 2020, from https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_924.html	jemetcalf
1957	Lejaren Hiller and Leonard Isaacson create the first AI to compose music. It worked by generating random intervals, rhythms, and dynamics and then putting these elements through programmed composition rules.	Hiller Lejaren, Electronic music, (Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 Feb. 2018), https://www.britannica.com/art/electronic-music/Computer-music#ref395219 (1 Apr. 2021)	jsalbert
1957	Frank Rosenblatt invents the perceptron	https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2019/09/professors-perceptron-paved-way-ai-60-years-too-soon	jtreiss
1958	Pagers were approved for public use by Federal Communications Commission	https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-pagers-and-beepers-1992315	psjain
1958	First integrated circuit created by Jack Kilby, a single transistor		ndemarinis
1958	First SAGE system is deployed, featuring a state of the art 19-inch CRT screen which could be interacted with using a light pen. The system is used to track aircraft.	http://www.i-programmer.info/history/machines/441-sage.html	nadiaz
1958	CREED 75 Teleprinter - Instead of using punch cards like the ENIAC, the CREED used paper tape to code programs and produce output. Since the machine did not require cards, the machine automatically typed output on the paper in a human-readable form.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1958	Vertigo is the first movie including computer animation.	https://computeranimationhistory-cgi.jimdo.com/	ermahoney
1958	Skinner Teaching Machine was invented by B. F. Skinner.	National Museum of American History. “Skinner Teaching Machine.” National Museum of American History, americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_690062. https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_690062	ekim4
1959	Motorola coined the term 'pager' - Motorola starts producing pagers. It combined elements of Motorola’s walkie-talkie and car radio technologies into the first transistorized pager.	https://www.silicon.co.uk/mobility/smartphones/tales-tech-history-pager-204285	psjain
1959	AI Lab at MIT is founded (presently called CSAIL)	https://www.csail.mit.edu/about	mjgiancola
1959	MIT Researcher Douglas T Ross created the term “computer aided design”.	https://partsolutions.com/60-years-of-cad-infographic-the-history-of-cad-since-1957/	kwang8
1959	Neurophysicists analyze image recognition in cats	https://www.ibm.com/topics/computer-vision	jacurtis2
1959	Animator Lee Harrison III recorded an actor’s movements in real time using a bodysuit lined with potentiometers and cathode ray tubes	http://www.engadget.com/2018-05-25-motion-capture-history-video-vicon-siren.html	kofichtner
1959	John McCarthy introduces a time-sharing system to MIT researchers for an IBM computer.	Maurer, T., & Hinck, G. (2020). Cloud Security: A Primer for Policymakers (pp. 10-22, Rep.). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. doi:10.2307/resrep25787.8	acherkinsky
1959	H.R. Gelernter creates the Geometry Theorem Prover	https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/concern/theses/ms35tc23x?locale=en	jtreiss
1959	US Navy develops TRANSIT, the first navigation system to rely on satellites	gpstrackingplans.com/gps-history/	kmdoan
1959	Introduction of AI in Healthcare - Early attempts to apply artificial intelligence in healthcare, including the development of expert systems for medical diagnosis and treatment recommendation.	Isaak Kavasidis, Federica Proietto Salanitri, Simone Palazzo, Concetto Spampinato, History of AI in Clinical Medicine, (DOI March 03 2023) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119790686.ch4, (March 18, 2024)	ekli
1960s	Object-oriented language SIMULA published by ACM	12. Old-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard, SIMULA – an ALGOL-Based Simulation Language, (ACM, 1966), https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/365813.365819 (2 Apr 2020)
1960s - late 1980s	"Blueboxing" is used to place long-distance phone calls for free using fake control signals.	Dernbach, Cristoph. Blue Box – Why Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak hacked the phone network. (mac-history.net, 02/02/2013). https://www.mac-history.net/apple-people/2013-02-02/blue-box Accessed 09/08/2020	zjester
1960's	AARON First AI Art Harold Cohen’s AI machine (AARON) was able to use algorithms to create abstract art.		cemasucci
1960	Ted Nelson began Project Xanadu with the ultimate goal of having a computer network but combining that with an easy user interface.	History of Search Engines: From 1945 to Google Today. Search Engine History.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 March 2016.	hanguyen
1960	Joe Meek founds RGM Sound Ltd and creates the idea of a “home studio”
1960	US government starts funding research that eventually creates the internet	Alex Thompson, A Brief History of Long Distance Communication, https://www.wilsonamplifiers.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-long-distance-communication/	nvanstralen
1960	Morton Heilig developed the first head-mounted display called the Telesphere Mask that provided stereoscopic 3D vision and stereo sound.	https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html	bmwaid
1960	PDP-1 CRT - The PDP-1 also included the Type 30 Precision CRT Display which could show basic images. With use of a connect pen, the user could pick points on the display.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1 Wikipedia, PDP-1, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-1	jhyuen
1960	J.C.R. Licklider writes a paper called “Man-Computer Symbiosis” to discuss the issues associated with personal computing devices.	Imaz, Manuel, and David Benyon. Designing with Blends: Conceptual Foundations of Human-Computer Interaction and Software Engineering, MIT Press, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/wpi/detail.action?docID=3338668	ciduarte
1960's	IBM stops production of most punched card machines, and use of the technology drops significantly.	IBM, The IBM Punched Card, (IBM 100), https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/punchcard/#:~:text=Punched%20cards%20date%20back%20to,what%20would%20eventually%20become%20IBM (9/3/2023)	jdwalden
1960	Punch cards were used for voting and would be collected and read by a card reading system	Douglas W. Jones, “A Brief Illustrated History of Voting,” (The University of Iowa, 2003), http://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/pictures/, (April 1, 2020)	mfrossetti
1960s	The United States Navy launched six satellites in an experiment to track submarines using a very basic GPS.	NASA, Global Positioning System History, https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/communications/policy/GPS_History.html (March 23, 2017)	rmwiesenberg
1960	Punch cards were used for voting and would be collected and read by a card reading system	Douglas W. Jones, “A Brief Illustrated History of Voting,” (The University of Iowa, 2003), http://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/pictures/, (April 1, 2020)	mfrossetti
1960	Ivan Sutherland from MIT invented SKETCHPAD, the first software ever with graphical user interface (GUI) which allows user to draw on a CRT screen with a light pen.	https://www.cadazz.com/cad-software-history.htm	kwang8
1960	The first successful weather satellite, Tiros-1, is launched by NASA. It transmits infrared images of Earth’s cloud cover and can detect hurricanes	Celebrating the World’s First Meteorological Satellite: TIROS-1. (2016, April 01). Retrieved September 07, 2020, from https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/celebrating-world’s-first-meteorological-satellite-tiros-1	jemetcalf
1960	Dr. Donald Bitzer invents the Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations (PLATO), the first computer based learning system.	D. Bitzer, P. Braunfeld and W. Lichtenberger, "PLATO: An Automatic Teaching Device," in IRE Transactions on Education, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 157-161, Dec. 1961, doi: 10.1109/TE.1961.4322215. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4322215	elevin
1961	Information about high purity Si2 for glass fiber transmission released to encourage companies to go into fiber optics	Bellis, Mary. "How Fiber Optics Was Invented." ThoughtCo, Jun. 27, 2021, thoughtco.com/birth-of-fiber-optics-4091837. (September 4, 2023)	agjensen
1961	An IBM 704 becomes the first computer to sing. The song is "Daisy Bell", which is famously sung by the computer HAL in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey (in reference to this event). Video:	http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41U78QP8nBk	jdfrench
1961	First Wearable	Edward O. Thorp. 1998. The Invention of the First Wearable Computer. In Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC '98). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, 4-.	akshoop
1961	First symbolic integration program SAINT, developed by James Salgle in Lisp, which solved college freshman-level calculus problems.	http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/MIT/MIT-LCS-TR-047-corrected-ocr.pdf	allewis
1961	The first motion tracking head-mounted display, the Headsight was developed by Comeau and Bryan of Philco Co. using a magnetic tracking system.	https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html	bmwaid
1961	John MacCharty delivered an MIT speech about how “Computing Can be sold as a Utility, like Water and Electricity”	https://www.bcs.org/articles-opinion-and-research/history-of-the-cloud/	agupta9
1961	The ELIZA Chatbot was introduced. ELIZA was the first talking computer program that simulated the work of a psychotherapist. ELIZA could communicate with a human by engaging in text-based conversations with rudimentary responses.	Joseph Weizenbaum, ELIZA—A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man And Machine, (ACM, January 1, 1996), https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/365153.365168 (March 19, 2024)	ajli
1961	Douglas Engelbart sketches the first concept for the computer mouse		mjhagger
1961	Anita Mark IIIV was a calculator that used Vacuum tubes	C. Sandström, Facit and the Displacement of Mechanical Calculators (IEEE, 20th May 2013), https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.ezpv7-web-p-u01.wpi.edu/document/6517426 (8-30-2024)	kacummings
1962	Galls Works in Corning, New York contracts fiber optics, 1,000,000 federal funding in the next decade	Bellis, Mary. "How Fiber Optics Was Invented." ThoughtCo, Jun. 27, 2021, thoughtco.com/birth-of-fiber-optics-4091837. (September 4, 2023)	agjensen
1962	The first communication satellite, Telstar, is launched into orbit	http://www.wirelesshistoryfoundation.org/wireless-history-project/wireless-history-timeline	zrrobbins
1962	J.C.R Licklider first proposes a global computer network	http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/History.html	pmcraft
1962	Leonard Kleinrock develops the idea of packet switching	http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/History.html	pmcraft
1962	The first industrial arm robot is introduced. Called the Unimate it is used for dangerous tasks on a General Motors assembly line		eosowski
1962	Ivan Sutherkand introduces SketchPad, a line drawing device that utilizes light pens for illustration.	Sutherland, I. (1964). Sketch pad a man-machine graphical communication system. Proceedings of the SHARE Design Automation Workshop on - DAC '64, 6.329-6.346. Retrieved September 4, 2015, from ACM.	tjnickerson
1962	Mainframe computer game Spacewar! is written at MIT.		bli
1962	IBM developed a speech recognition device which was capable of recognizing 16 words, which included numbers less than 10, 4 mathematical operation commands, and the words off and false.	"Pioneering Speech Recognition." IBM100 - Icons of Progress. IBM, n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2015.	leantul
1962	Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab (SAIL) is founded.	http://ai.stanford.edu/	mjgiancola
1962	Meek produces most famous recording “Telstar” by The Tornados	Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryrEPzsx1gQ
1962	ASR-33 Teletype - While teletypes were used previously for communicating across telegraph lines, they were later hooked up to computers to continuously output a computer session. The low cost of the setup was attractive to many engineers.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1962	The Anita MK VII, the first electronic desktop calculator, is developed by Bell Punch Co. in England	http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/calculator_time-line.html	pbcoady
1962	The Voltronic ballot tabulator was first used in elections.	Douglas W. Jones, “A Brief Illustrated History of Voting,” (The University of Iowa, 2003), http://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/pictures/, (April 1, 2020)	mfrossetti
1962	Nick Holonyak Jr. developed the first LED	Lenz, S. (2017). Nick Holonyak Jr.: The Development of LED Lights. In Hoxie F. (Ed.), The University of Illinois: Engine of Innovation (p. 151). Urbana; Chicago; Springfield: University of Illinois Press. Retrieved November 3, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/j.ctt1m3217b.35	mchalmers
1963	Phillips releases its compact cassette, a major breakthrough in tape cassettes. It is not the first "tape" based recording device, but it is the best, most compact, and quickly becomes the standard for all tapes/players.		rpdabrowski
1963	Mellotron is produced by a new company called Streetly Electronics, a sampler that is mass producible and widely popular. The mellotron used tape to play back samples similarly to the Chamberlin.	https://web.archive.org/web/20121105234938/http://www.nordkeyboards.com/main.asp?tm=Sound%20Libraries&cllibr=Nord_Sample_Library&clslib=Mellotron	obspring
1963	The RAND Tablet is introduced. It is claimed to be the first digital graphic device that is low cost.		wtao
1963	First instance of computers transforming 2d images into 3d forms using computer vision	https://www.ibm.com/topics/computer-vision	jacurtis2
1963	Ted Nelson coined the term hypertext, which allowed for associations between links to be made (similar to how the human brain works).	History of Search Engines: From 1945 to Google Today. Search Engine History.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 March 2016.	hanguyen
1963	Sutherland introduces the Sketchpad system. This would mainly be used for drawing.	A brief history of human-computer interaction technology. Interactions, 5(2), 44-54.	djkiourtsis
1963	First modular synthesizer developed by R.A. Moog Co.	http://moogarchives.com/chrono.htm Visited 08/30/2017	aperucic
1963	Woodrow Wilson Bledsoe publishes "A PROPOSAL FOR A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF A SIMPLIFIED FACE RECOGNITION MACHINE.	https://archive.org/details/firstfacialrecognitionresearch/page/n1	sgubrud
1963	Dr. Who theme song is made by only using raw recordings of real-world sounds and sine and square wave oscillators	Retrieved from https://youtu.be/75V4ClJZME4
1964	Paperboy I - First successful consumer pager. It had no display and couldn't store messages but was portable and notified wearer the type of action to take by its tone.	https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-pagers-and-beepers-1992315	psjain
1964	Dr. Narinder Singh Kapany patents Fiber Optic Cables	Hussein He, The History and Development of Fiber Optic Cables And Future Trends (Hongkai, 2021), https://hk-machinery.cn/the-history-of-the-development-of-fiber-optic-cable-and-future-trends/#:~:text=Fiber%20optic%20cables%20were%20invented%20by%20Dr.%20Narinder,on%20the%20other%20side%2C%20proving%20his%20method%20worked (September 4, 2023)	agjensen
1964	Desktop electric calculators raise in popularity. Use thousands of transistors and cost thousands of dollars for companies to purchase. First transistor only calculator invented by Hayakawa	http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/history_of_electronic_calculat.htm Visited: 9/3/2015 C. Sandström, Facit and the Displacement of Mechanical Calculators (IEEE, 20th May 2013), https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.ezpv7-web-p-u01.wpi.edu/document/6517426 (8-30-2024)	dssilva, kacummings
1964	The National Academy of Sciences form a committee called ALPAC to research machine translation	https://go.smartling.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-machine-translation/	mjgulbin
1964	The IBM 360 becomes the first computer to be mass-produced		eosowski
1964	The efficiency of a Packet-Switched network is demonstrated in a study done for the US Air Force.	Roberts, Lawrence G. The evolution of packet switching, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy.wpi.edu/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1455410 (9/2/2015)	svadlamudi
1964	The Talking Typewriter was developed as a tool to help individuals with disabilities and children based on a pre-determined lesson.	Sanderson, Barbara A., and Daniel W. Kratochvil. "The Edison Responsive Environment Learning System, or the Talking Typewriter." (1972): 1-34. American Institute for Research in the Behavioral Sciences. Web. 4 Sept. 2015.	leantul
1964	UNISCOPE 300 – Glass Teletype - Engineers realized CRT display technology could be fashioned into glass teletypes as it was more efficient than paper, and so the UNISCOPE was made. It was hooked up to computers to display text for user input and output.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1964	An public letter to the president titled "The Triple Revolution" provides insight into a future of unlimited production ability in industry manufacturing.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triple_Revolution	calobo
1964	Woody Bledsoe, Helen Chan Wolf and Charles Bisson started working on the first facial recognition software.	https://www.nec.co.nz/market-leadership/publications-media/a-brief-history-of-facial-recognition/	gmbuonomano
1964	oseph Weizenbaum created ELIZA, a computer program designed to simulate conversations with a therapist.	Corydon Ireland, Alan Turing at 100 (Harvard, 2012), Accessed from https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/09/alan-turing-at-100/ on 4/2/2021	nelmaliki
1964	Robert Moog, an electrical engineer, starts production of the Moog Modular Synthesizer.	https://hub.yamaha.com/keyboards/synthesizers/history-of-the-synthesizer-part-1/ accesed on 9/2/22	mhtoryu
1964	Bill English builds Douglas Engelbart’s mouse concept		mjhagger
1965	The mouse is developed at Stanford to replace the existing light pens.	A brief history of human-computer interaction technology. Interactions, 5(2), 44-54.	djkiourtsis
1965	First plastic fiber optic cable polyethylene	Hussein He, The History and Development of Fiber Optic Cables And Future Trends (Hongkai, 2021), https://hk-machinery.cn/the-history-of-the-development-of-fiber-optic-cable-and-future-trends/#:~:text=Fiber%20optic%20cables%20were%20invented%20by%20Dr.%20Narinder,on%20the%20other%20side%2C%20proving%20his%20method%20worked (September 4, 2023)	agjensen
1965	IBM makes virtual machine	8. Eric Kohlbrenner, Dana Morris, andd Brett Morris, The History of Virtual Machines, (Dennings Institute) http://denninginstitute.com/itcore/virtualmachine/history.htm (2 Apr 2020)	icleaverstigum
1965	E.A. Johnson publishes an article on the design of a capacitive touchscreen. He later published a more complete article with photos two years later in 1967.		djbenson
1965	Lawrence Roberts connects a computer in MA to one in CA	http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/History.html	pmcraft
1965	MIT's CTSS, a campus wide network		emilymiller
1965	Same computer Messagign system developed at MIT - named MAILBOX		w.gomez.r
1965	Moore's Law (# of transistors in an IC double every 2 years)	Moore, Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits, http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~fussell/courses/cs352h/papers/moore.pdf, Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Moore’s law". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Dec. 2019, https://www.britannica.com/technology/Moores-law. Accessed 25 March 2022.	xjjackson, facoghlan
1965	The Votomatic voting machine is developed, allowing for quicker, easier voting using punch cards	http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/supplies/supplies_5404PH12.html	stgoldman
1965	Capacitive touch screen - A cathode-ray-tube monitor with a capacitive touch display was created by Eric Arthur Johnson, an engineer at the Royal Radar establishment to be used for air traffic control systems.	Interactive Displays: Natural Human‐Interface Technologies. (n.d.). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781118706237	jhyuen
1965	Gordon Moore publishes his famous essay that introduced Moore’s Law.	Waldrop, M. Mitchel, The chips are down for Moore’s law, (Nature, 2/9/2016), pp.144–147	maferreira
1965	The Ultimate Display was a concept created by Ivan Sutherland, which introduced the guidelines on how virtual reality could be as realistic as the real world.	History of Virtual Reality. (Virtual Reality Society, 2019). https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html
1965	The first decision support systems (DSS) is invented with the creation of the Problem Statement Language/Problem Statement Analyzer (PSL/PSA). These systems preceded Expert Systems, which use complex if/else statements to mimic and augment the work of human experts in specialized fields.	https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=36c7a12b436a9e698662b6d294d9a4830d13a7e9#:~:text=Decision%20Support%20Systems%20evolved%20early,area%20of%20applied%20information%20technology. Visited: 9/3/2024	tnhellgren
1966	The newly formed Intel Corporation began selling a semiconductor chip with 2,000 bits of memory.	https://www.dataversity.net/brief-history-data-storage/	nchkhaidze
1966	The first hand-held electric calculator is invented by Texas Instruments, Incorporated.	http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi/computing-timeline.pl Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1966	Electrified foil used at Olympic fencing tournament	https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-long-history-behind-fencers-hitdetecting-electrified-gear	ggsmith
1966	The Stanform Research Institute creates Shakey, the first mobile robot to know and react to its own actions.		eosowski
1966	The ECHO IV, which was never commercially sold, was invented. This device could perform common home actions such as controlling lights and appliances.	http://www.iotevolutionworld.com/m2m/articles/376816-history-smart-homes.htm	mjmcdonald
1966	The National Traffic and Motor Safety Act was passed, requiring all newly manufactured cars to be equipped with safety standards including seat belts and airbags.	https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-johnson-signs-the-national-traffic-and-motor-vehicle-safety-act (Accessed March 22, 2018)	anpennie
1966	The Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee (ALPACA) releases a report stating that machine translation will never feasibly match the performance of human translators, leading to a decline in machine translation development.	Hutchins, W. John, “MACHINE TRANSLATION: A BRIEF HISTORY,” Concise history of the language sciences: from the Sumerians to the cognitivists (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1995), p431-445.	kmpicho
1967	The floppy disk drive (FDD) was invented at IBM by Alan Shugart.	https://computer.howstuffworks.com/floppy-disk-drive1.htm	nchkhaidze
1967	Richard Greenblatt writes MacHack, the first program to play chess that can defeat human opponents.		eosowski
1967	The Datapoint 3300 terminal is released, using a small CRT display capable of displaying 24-25 lines of text.	http://www.hpmuseum.net/display_item.php?hw=94http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/History/TVT_History.htm	nadiaz
1967	The ECHO IV was the first smart device which could compute shopping lists, control the home’s temperature and turn appliances on and off	http://www.iotevolutionworld.com/m2m/articles/376816-history-smart-homes.htm	dberardi
1967	Logo, a educational programming language was developed by the MIT labs to educate elementary school students in learning to write code.	https://el.media.mit.edu/logo-foundation/what_is_logo/history.html	sli11
1967	Ralph Baer invents the prototype video game system known as “The Brown Box”.	history.com Editors, Video Game History (A&E Television Networks, 2019), https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games (Accessed 9/6/2020)	resallie
1967	IBM virtualized operating systems allowing multiple users to timeshare the same resources” – a foundational step towards virtualizing resources	https://www.bcs.org/articles-opinion-and-research/history-of-the-cloud/	agupta9
1968	Koss unleashed the first US made electrostatic model , the ESP-6’s	https://www.ssense.com/en-us/editorial/culture/a-history-of-headphone-design	alate
1968	George H. Heilmeier and his team invent the first Liquid Crystal Displays	http://ethw.org/Milestones:Liquid_Crystal_Display_1968	nadiaz
1968	FCC, in the Carterphone case, ruled to allow external devices to be connected to AT&T telephone line network. Paving the way for future network devices.	Johnson, Nicholas, Carterphone: My Story, http://ssrn.com.ezproxy.wpi.edu/abstract=2173506 (9/3/2015)	svadlamudi
1968	SYSTRAN is founded by Dr. Peter Toma	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYSTRAN	mjgulbin
1968	Computer Based Head Mounted Display	Ivan E. Sutherland. 1968. A head-mounted three dimensional display. In Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, fall joint computer conference, part I (AFIPS '68 (Fall, part I)). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 757-764	akshoop
1968	Douglas Engelbart gives "the mother of all demos", introducing the oN-Line System, with components such as a graphic user interface, computer mouse, multi-window display, email, live videoconferencing, and raster-scan video monitor.	Engelbart, Douglas. “A research center for augmenting human intellect”, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJDv-zdhzMY (Accessed 3/17/19).	tjnickerson, pjjankowski, ciduarte
1968	2001: A Space Odyssey is released. Widely regarded as one of the best science fiction movies of all time.	https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/21/space-odyssey-kubrick-science-fiction	kthooppalvasu
1968	The Sword of Damocles was created by Ivan Sutherland and student Bob Sproull and was the first AR/VR device connected to a computer rather than a camera and produced primitive wireframe objects.	https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html	bmwaid
1968	First ever Augmented Reality technology, a head-mounted display system, developed by Ivan Sutherland at Harvard University.	Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2016/10/the-mainstreaming-of-augmented-reality-a-brief-history	mchava
1968	The HP9100A, the first programmable scientific calculator, is developed by Hewlett-Packard	Otto van Poelje, “The Demise of the Slide Rule”	pbcoady
1968	Volkswagen introduces the first consumer automobile with a computer. It uses an electronically controlled fuel injector system, the D-Jetronic.	https://www.chipsetc.com/computer-chips-inside-the-car.html	efclifford
1968	Radio Corporation of America shows of the first usage of LCD displays	Alexander B Magoun, Television: The Life Story of a Technology, (Greenwood Press, 2007), https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=EbHOEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&ots=VGKBnYSbl8&sig=rpRqEEDiBc0YY7l1PdwG6IzVNRU#v=onepage&q&f=false (9/2/2023)	rkoffstein
1968	Telefunken released the Rollkugel, the first roller ball mouse		mjhagger
1969	ARPANET goes online connecting UCLA, Stanford, UCSB, and UU	http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/History.html	pmcraft
1969	1969 Mansfield Amendment forced military funded research to have direct military applications	National Research Council, Funding a Revolution: government Support for Computing Research (National Academies Press, February 11, 1999), Accessed 4/1/2021 from https://web.archive.org/web/20080112001018/http //www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/far/ch9.html#FOOT24	nelmaliki
1969	The internet begins as ARPANET, which is commissioned by the DoD. The first nodes are created at UCLA, SRI, UCSB, and the University of Utah.	Hobbes, Hobbes' Abridged Internet Timeline, http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/mitra/honors/timeline.html(9/3/2015)	JRWatson
1969	Victor Scheinman, a mechanical engineering student working in the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab creates the Stanford Arm, which is still a standard today		eosowski
1969	DHL was founded.		tpatikorn
1969	UNIX is created.	http://www.computerworld.com/article/2531905/operating-systems/timeline--40-years-of-os-milestones.html	rdomanico
1969	University of California in Los Angeles becomes the first connection pointf of ARPANET.	Shinder, Debra L., Computer Networking Essentials (Cisco Press, 2001), 3. http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com.ezproxy.wpi.edu/book/networking/1587130386/introduction-to-pc-networking/3?uicode=wpi (9/2/2015)	svadlamudi
1969	The first microprocessor for commercial use in a terminal application.	https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EMkcZ2UPuu95BAHkGAW1YPhDVI2GfyMJh1pEu-wmjy0/edit?usp=sharing	nmbargman
1969	MAGI released Syntha Vision, the first commercially available solid modeler program	https://partsolutions.com/60-years-of-cad-infographic-the-history-of-cad-since-1957/	kwang8
1969	Department of Defense (DOD) Advanced Research Agency uses a network to connect two computers. They called it ARPANET, which is the first “internet”.	Maurer, T., & Hinck, G. (2020). Cloud Security: A Primer for Policymakers (pp. 10-22, Rep.). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. doi:10.2307/resrep25787.8	acherkinsky
1969	VR computer artist Myron Kruegere created interactive artificial environments, where users can communicate with each other virtually.	History of Virtual Reality. (Virtual Reality Society, 2019). https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html
1969	Ford introduces their first computer controlled anti-skid system.	Chips Etc. “Computer Chips Inside Cars.” Vintage Computer Chip Collectibles, Memorabilia & Jewelry, www.chipsetc.com/computer-chips-inside-the-car.html. Accessed 4 Sept. 2023.	ankalayjian
1964 - 1971	The Moog Synthesizer becomes the first to ever be mass produced.		rpdabrowski
1970	New Orleans International Airport began using metal detectors for security purposes.	https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-metal-detector-1992303	cemcdonough
Late 1970s	DARPA begins to decrease funding to AI, especially speech recognition	http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4475849/	mjgiancola
Around 1970	Moore's law term is coined by Carver Mead	https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/m/Moore%2527s_Law.htm	rmschade
1970	Alan Kay joins Engelbar to found the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC).		tjnickerson
1970	NiMH batteries emerge, proving to be powerful batteries with long lifespans and also better for the environment than cadmium-based batteries.		djlaplante
1970	The Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) creates the Alto, a personal computing device complete with a bitmapped display, keyboard, and mouse. Xerox also creates Ethernet to network the Alto.	Quinn, Michael J. Ethics for the information age. pg. 34-35. Pearson Education Inc., 2015. Print.	ciduarte
1970	Lucifer algorithm developed, later evolved into triple-DES (Data Encryption Standard)		zhenhe
1970	First guitar amplifiers used solid state transistors instead of vacuum tubes	A. Stafford, “History of the Amplifier: Valve vs Solid-State,” ProAudioLand, 03-Jul-2012. [Online]. Available: https://proaudioland.com/news/history-of-the-amp/. [Accessed: 30-Oct-2020].	sparks
1970	Referred to as “the grandfather of automation”, the X10, a device that connected to power lines to control home appliances, was invented.	http://mashable.com/2015/01/08/smart-home-tech-ces/#94RaVgOCkkqc	mjmcdonald
1970	First publication of Conway's Game of Life, a cellular automata "game" that despite its simplicity proved to be massively powerful and even Turing-complete.	https://web.archive.org/web/20090603015231/http://ddi.cs.uni-potsdam.de/HyFISCH/Produzieren/lis_projekt/proj_gamelife/ConwayScientificAmerican.htm	crmyers
1970	First use of Structured Query Language (SQL) the base of all RDBMSs	Keith D. Foote, A Brief History of Non-Relational Databases Retrieved August 29th 2019 from https://www.dataversity.net/a-brief-history-of-non-relational-databases/	bjaubuchon
1970	Direct recording electronic devices (DREs) were developed to replace lever voting machines with buttons and lights. The DREs would use 35mm film to count votes	Charles Stewart III, “Voting Technologies” (Annual Review of Political Science, 2011), https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.053007.145205, (April 1, 2020)	mfrossetti
1970	The United States Air Force adopts the use of a Systran translation system for Russian-English translations.	Hutchins, W. John, “MACHINE TRANSLATION: A BRIEF HISTORY,” Concise history of the language sciences: from the Sumerians to the cognitivists (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1995), p431-445.	kmpicho
1970	Edgar F. Codd publishes his paper on relational databases.	Edgar F. Codd, A Relational Model of Data Large Shared Data Banks (1970). IBM Research Laboratory. Retrieved September 14, 2023, from https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~david/cs848s14/codd-relational.pdf	cemedina
1970	Pascal programming language was published by Niklaus Wirth.	Ferguson, A. (2004). A History of Computer Programming Languages. Retrieved September 11, 2020, from https://cs.brown.edu/~adf/programming_languages.html	jrtatone
1970	“Something" recorded with Denon equipment as the first digitally-recorded commercial release	Barry R. Ashpole, The Dawn of Commercial Digital Recording, (ARSC Journal Volume 39, No. 1., 2008) https://www.aes.org/aeshc/pdf/fine_dawn-of-digital.pdf	brdesousa
1970	Twisted-nematic mode discovered for LCDs, opening up a pathway for more realistic displays.	Hirohisa Kawamoto, “The History of LCD and its Industry” (IEEE, September 5, 2012) https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6487587 (accessed April 6, 2021)	larathke
1971	The first CT scan of a human brain. This opened up a pathway for more medical diagnosis and procedures to be made.	Edmund S. Higgins, Fifty Years Ago, the First CT Scan Let Doctors See Inside a Living Skull, (October 1, 2021) https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/fifty-years-ago-the-first-ct-scan-let-doctors-see-inside-a-living-skull-180978792/#:~:text=The%20first%20computed%20tomography%20image,to%20Stockholm%20and%20Buckingham%20Palace. (9/2/2022)	cgwelcher
1971	Project Gutenberg, the first digital library, opens for public use.	http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29801/29801-pdf.pdf	jaturcotte
1971	First blood glucose meter was invented by Anton Hubert Clements.	https://beyondtype1.org/the-evolution-of-diabetes-technology/#:~:text=The%20first%20insulin%20pump%2C%20invented,of%20Diabetic%20Ketoacidosis%20(DKA.)	tclooney
1971	The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation (N.A.S.D.A.Q.) opens its first day of trading, becoming the world's first electronic stock market.	http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/crash/2/	tleung
1971	The Advanced Research Projects Agency, also known as ARPA, decided to financially back a five year project to further speech understanding and set the criteria that all machines must be able to understand 1000 chosen words with a maximum failure rate of 10%.	Gold, Bernard, Nelson Morgan, and Dan Ellis. "Chapter 4: Brief History of Automatic Speech Recognition." Speech and Audio Signal Processing: Processing and Perception of Speech and Music. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011. N. pag. Print.	leantul
1971	13 additional organizations are connected to ARPANET. This number begins to rapidly expand.	http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/History.html	pmcraft
1971	The prototype of cloud computing first known as RJE (remote job entry)	https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc105	rhuang2
1971	The Intel 4004 processor is created with 2,300 transistors.	https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EMkcZ2UPuu95BAHkGAW1YPhDVI2GfyMJh1pEu-wmjy0/edit?usp=sharing	nmbargman
1971	Invention of the first microprocessor.	Debenedictis, Erik P, Sustaining Moore's law with 3D chips, (Computer, 2017), pp.69-73	maferreira
1971	IBM ships the 23 FD “Minnow”, an 8-inch floppy disk, with removable read-only memory. Could store 80 kB, or around 3000 punch cards' worth of data.	1971: Floppy disk loads mainframe computer data, (Computer History Museum, n.d.), https://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/floppy-disk-loads-mainframe-computer-data/, Accessed 5 September 2023.	hzgandor
1971	A.J. Goldstein, L.D. Harmon, and A.B. Lesk expanded the capabilities of facial recognition technology to account for 21 subjective types of facial features.	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1450184	gmbuonomano
1971	Chemical structure predicter made, called DENDRAL	https://www.britannica.com/technology/DENDRAL	jtreiss
1972	The PLATO IV terminal is released, with a novel orange plasma display capable of displaying a 512x512 bitmap. This terminal also had infrared touch screen support.	http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/touch_screen.html	nadiaz
1972	University of Illinois students file a patent for optical touchscreens and it is implemented in the Magnavox Plato IV Terminal. This is the first touchscreen used in a classroom. Thousands of them were built for this machine.		djbenson
1972	First home video game		blammeson caroberts
1972	The first commercial home console Magnavox Odyssey was created by Ralph Baer		ajbuchanan
1972	The "Pulsar Time Computer", the first smartwatch was released. This watch could tell the time and the LED's on it could change brightness based on external lighting. Without factoring for inflation, the watch sold for $2,100.	Klint Finley, Tech Time Warp of the Week: The 1972 Digital Watch That Cost More Than a Car, (March 6, 2015), https://www.wired.com/2015/03/tech-time-warp-week-1972-digital-watch-cost-car/ (September 2, 2021)	hsahay, deushman
1972	Telnet was published as an RFC	http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/History.html	pmcraft
1972	Several new companies enter the calculator market, rapidly developing electronic calculating technology and prices become affordable to the public. More specifically the Hewlett-Packard HP-35 became widely used as a pocket calculator.	http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi/computing-timeline.pl Visited: 9/3/2015 J. Perkel, Counting on the Pocket Calculator (ProQuest, 24th August 2023), https://www.proquest.com/docview/2858729827?accountid=29120&parentSessionId=%2FlNfVZVlw4wBHYcDkyJ05A8tPCpWWsvOccfyECJyajg%3D&pq-origsite=primo&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals (8-30-2024)	dssilva, kacummings
1972	Ray Tomilson develops system for addressing messages to users in diffrent computers - Emergence of "<a href="mailto:to-user@destination">to-user@destination</a>" syntax		w.gomez.r
1972	An early touch screen is developed in the University of Illinois. It allowed users to interact with computers using their hands by using light rays.	Some Milestones in Computer Input Devices: An Informal Timeline, http://www.billbuxton.com/inputTimeline.html (accessed March 21, 2016).	djkiourtsis
1972	Plato IV Terminal - Plasma technology was used in the Plato IV as an alternative display technology. It allowed for displays to be lightweight and relatively thin, but the technology never really took off in PCs.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1 Wikipedia, PDP-1, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-1. Christoph Dernbach, Apple I,(MacHistory 2012),https://www.mac-history.net/apple-history-2/apple-i/2012-07-08/apple-i accessed on 4/5/2021	jhyuen, bstaw
1972	Email was invented.	Nicholas A. John (2014). File Sharing and the History of Computing: Or, Why File Sharing is Called “File Sharing”, Critical Studies in Media Communication	osanderson
1972	Intel introduced the 8008 processor, an industry standard.	https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EMkcZ2UPuu95BAHkGAW1YPhDVI2GfyMJh1pEu-wmjy0/edit?usp=sharing	nmbargman
1972	The HP-35, a pocket electric calculator that contains all the functionality of a slide rule, is released.	Earl Swartzlander, “Calculators” (IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 1995)	pbcoady
1970s - 1990s	Lithium and lithium ion batteries invented, with the extremely energy-dense material lithium and a maliable model, allowing them to be built specific for devices. Very popular for smaller (portable) electronics.		djlaplante
1971	Patrick Hanratty founded Manufacturing and Consulting Services (MCS) and developed Automated Drafting and Machining (ADAM) in Fortran. The software is designed to work on every machine and 80% of CAD programs today can be traced back to ADAM.	https://www.cadazz.com/cad-software-history.htm	kwang8
1971	The first microprocessor was created by Ted Hoff at Intel		eosowski
1971	Intel 4004 - first single chip microprocessor		dstapply
1972 AD	The first digital watch is invented, utilizing electricity to display and calculate time.	https://www.pcmag.com/feature/296609/the-digital-watch-a-brief-history Visited: 3/23/2018	lgrande
1972 AD	Pong- First hit game by Atari, by Al Alcorn- Coin op.	Ray, Michael. Gaming from Atari to Xbox. (Rosen Educational Services, 2012) Visited: 4/3/2020	pmara
1972	Intel releases the Intel 8008	Ceruzzi, Paul E. (May 2003). A History of Modern Computing (2nd ed.). MIT Press. pp. 220221.	ajthompson
1972	Magnavox releases Odyssey, the first home video game console.	history.com Editors, Video Game History (A&E Television Networks, 2019), https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games (Accessed 9/6/2020)	resallie
1972	The improvements to lasers in the 1970s allowed for new methods for tracking and RCA developed an “automatic checkout stand.”	National Museum of American History, “Cash and Credit Registers,” (Smithsonian Institution, n.d), https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/cash-and-credit-registers (9/1/22).	tbgoggin
1973	IBM released the first read/write floppy disk.	https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/memory-storage/	cdpomeranz
1973	Second Impact Syndrome discovered where it’s possible to suffer from another concussion whilst already concussed		mhsultan
1973	J. J. Vidal conducts initial research into brain-computer communication.	https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.bb.02.060173.001105	jhsu
1973	Dennis Ritchie develops C programming language.	Ferguson, A. (2004). A History of Computer Programming Languages. Retrieved September 11, 2020, from https://cs.brown.edu/~adf/programming_languages.html	jrtatone
1973	Federal Aviation Administration required airports to scan passengers with metal detectors.	https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-metal-detector-1992303	cemcdonough
1973	First AI Winter, caused by the British Government cutting funding for AI research	https://www.actuaries.digital/2018/09/05/history-of-ai-winters/	jtreiss
1973	Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf develop the TCP protocol. They release a paper on TCP in September. Bob Metcalfe begins development on Ethernet at Xerox PARC.	Computer History Museum, Internet History, http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_70s.html (9/3/2015)	JRWatson
1973	FTP was published as an RFC. All other RFCs become available through FTP	http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/History.html	pmcraft
1973	Israel develops the Mastiff UAV and soon after the IIA Scout, the first UAVs meant for data collection	http://www.popsci.com/watch-brief-history-drone	addresser
1973	The Xerox Alto features a CRT with a 606x808 pixel display, which was used to show one of the first GUIs.	http://www.digibarn.com/collections/systems/xerox-alto/	nadiaz
1973	First commercial axial computer tomography development	http://www.infinityugent.be/research-development/a-history-of-medical-imaging	lnguyen3
1973	National Semiconductor releases the IMP-16, 16-bit microprocessor	http://bitsavers.org/pdf/national/imp/4200002B_IMP16_pgmg_Nov73.pdf,	ajthompson
1973	Freddy Robot built by The Assembly Robotics Group at University of Edinburgh, which is capable of using visual perception to autonomously assemble wooden block models.	http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/project/freddy/	allewis
1973	NAVSTAR GPS Joint Program Office (JPO) established by Department of Defense to create GPS for military and civilians		gmport
1973	James Lighthill writes a report that downplays the success of AI, leading to a decrease in funding across Europe.	http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4475849/ Sir James Lighthill, Artificial Intelligence: A general Survey (Cambridge University, July 1972), Accessed 4/1/2021 from http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/inf/literature/reports/lighthill_report/p001.htm	mjgiancola, nelmaliki
1973	Martin Cooper made the first cellphone called the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X Modification: and performed the first ever phone call.	https://georgiasouthern.libguides.com/c.php?g=612229&p=4545365#:~:text=The%20Motorola%20DynaTAC%208000X,Martin%20Cooper. Gibson, William. “The First Cell Phone Call Was Made 45 Years Ago.” AARP, 3 Apr. 2018, https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/history/info-2018/first-cell-phone-call.html.	hwang15, wrlewis
1973	Maze War is released as the first 3D video game.	https://www.academia.edu/34388200/Maze_Game_Design_Project	lcagle
1973	The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) requests proposals from the public for the first standard cryptographic algorithm	David Leech and Michael Chinworth, "The Economic Impacts of NIST’s Data Encryption Standard (DES) Program", (National Institute of Standards & Technology, 10/1/2001), https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/other/2001/10/01/the-economic-impacts-of-nist-des-program/final, (3/22/2024)	abollinger
1974	Wabbit virus produced; virus replicates and crashes the computer it is on	Love, John. A Brief History of Malware — Its Evolution and Impact (lastline.com, 04/05/2018). https://www.lastline.com/blog/history-of-malware-its-evolution-and-impact/ Accessed 09/08/2020	zjester
1974	First insulin pump/continuous glucose monitor called the Biostator was invented	https://beyondtype1.org/the-evolution-of-diabetes-technology/#:~:text=The%20first%20insulin%20pump%2C%20invented,of%20Diabetic%20Ketoacidosis%20(DKA.)	tclooney
1974	Work on Ethernet is completed at Xerox PARC. ARPANET begins to implement TCP.	Computer History Museum, Internet History, http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_70s.html (9/3/2015)	JRWatson
1974	First 3-D rendering of faces in Fred Parke’s thesis film “Faces (Faces & Body Parts)”	http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/design/a16205/these-early-computer-animations-show-how-far-weve-come/	kofichtner
1974	The Silver Arm, which performed small-parts assembly using feedback from touch and pressure centers is created.
1974	The term Data Science is used for the first time by Peter Naur.	Longbing Cao, Data science: A comprehensive overview, Article 43 (ACM Computing Surveys, June 2017), 42 pages https://dl-acm-org.ezpxy-web-p-u01.wpi.edu/doi/pdf/10.1145/3076253	armorrison
1974	Transfer Control Protocl (TCP) specifications are published by two DARPA engineers to make packet transfer simpler.	Mowery, David C., and Timothy Simcoe, Is the internet a US invention?-an economic and technological history of computer networking, http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.wpi.edu/science/article/pii/S0048733302000690 (9/2/2015)	svadlamudi
1974	DARPA cancels 2 million dollar contract when voice controlled piloting software only responds to voice commands in a certain order.	Crevier, Daniel (1993), AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence, New York, NY: BasicBooks, ISBN 0-465-02997-3	nelmaliki
1974	John Cocke begins work on what becomes the IBM 801, a RISC-style computer	IBM, IBM 100 - RISC Architecture, (IBM, 20 July 2011), https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/risc/ (31 August 2023)	ehughsbaird
1974	First use of Optical Character Recognition	https://www.ibm.com/topics/computer-vision	jacurtis2
1974	Congress passed a law to make the national maximum speed limit 55 miles per hour.	http://www.ncsl.org/research/transportation/transportation-review-speed-limits.aspx (Accessed March 23, 2018)	anpennie
1974	The first ad for a microprocessor based computer.	https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EMkcZ2UPuu95BAHkGAW1YPhDVI2GfyMJh1pEu-wmjy0/edit?usp=sharing	nmbargman
1974	The Universal Product Code was developed by a committee of executives and it was first used on products in June of 1974 at Marsh’s supermarket in Troy, Ohio.	National Museum of American History, “Cash and Credit Registers,” (Smithsonian Institution, n.d), https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/cash-and-credit-registers (9/1/22).	tbgoggin
1974	Military begins developing NAVSTAR, a GPS system	gpstrackingplans.com/gps-history/	kmdoan
January 1975	The Altair 8800 was released and became the first commercially successful personal computer.	H. Garland, "Design Innovations in Personal Computers" in Computer, (IEEE, 1977), Pages 24-27.	pjjankowski
1975	Electric calculator manufacturers take over the calculator market through the use of mass production. Mechanical calculator sales decline rapidly.	http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi/computing-timeline.pl Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1975	The United States government decided to link the computers at the NORAD headquarters at Cheyenne Mountain using fiber optics to reduce interference.	https://www.thoughtco.com/birth-of-fiber-optics-4091837	aforozco
1975	One of the first attempts at creating a Quantum Information Theory	http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0034487776900057	hfloreshuerta
1975	Microsoft is founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen	http://journal.primedu.uoa.gr/greek/issue_2/pdf/windows.pdf	tsdalavi
1975	Arithmetic Coding developed		bjsharron
1975	A patent is granted to George Samuel Hurst for developing the first resistive touchscreen. He is widely seen as the inventor of the touchscreen.		djbenson
1975	Calculator Wristwatch	http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879586,00.html	akshoop
1975	The BitPad that is more similar to modern graphics and drawing tablet is introduced by Summagraphics Corporation.		wtao
1975	Bill Gates argues that software is intellectual property.		mtmccarthy
1975	Church Committee investigates NSA intrusion on US citizens. Leads to talk of restrictions on NSA surveillance	D. Owen, "A review of intelligence oversight failure: NSA programs that affected Americans," Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin, 2012.	mttaylor
1975	Steven Sasson of Kodak develops the first working digital camera with a resolution of 0.01mp.	https://petapixel.com/2010/08/05/the-worlds-first-digital-camera-by-kodak-and-steve-sasson/	bmheavey
1975	X10 protocol, using a power line as a communication channel, takes Home Automation industry to next level	https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/book/home-networking-and-security/9781848213210/chapter-1-introduction/sec_1_2_html#X2ludGVybmFsX0h0bWxWaWV3P3htbGlkPTk3ODE4NDgyMTMyMTAlMkZzZWNfMV8yX2h0bWwmcXVlcnk9	dberardi
1975	Myron Krueger develops "Videoplace", allowing users to manipulate virtual objects in real time.	Interaction Design Foundation, https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/augmented-reality-the-past-the-present-and-the-future	mchava
1975	SAFEGUARD, an antiballistic missile defense system for ICBMs, establishes first operational complex in North Dakota.	https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR41533.2019.171388	kjlopez
1976	CP/M is created, and becomes a model for DOS variations for approx. 2 decades.	http://www.computerworld.com/article/2531905/operating-systems/timeline--40-years-of-os-milestones.html	rdomanico
1976	Computer Music Melodian by Harry Mendell is first commercially available digital sampler.		obspring
1976	First use of 3-D CGI in a motion picture “Futureworld” rendering a realistic computer model of a human face and hand	http://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects.html	kofichtner
1976	In 1976, advances in networking were demonstrated by Queen Elizabeth II by sending an email” – demonstrating the melting pot in networking hardware which is essential for the cloud	https://www.bcs.org/articles-opinion-and-research/history-of-the-cloud/	agupta9
1976	Apple I and SOL-20 – Composite Video Out - Steve Wozniak (Apple I) and Lee Felsenstein (SOL-20) wanted to hook up their respective computers to inexpensive TV monitors to build cheap terminals. As a result, they created computers with factory video outputs.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1976	Bill Gates writes an “Open Letter to Hobbyists” expressing his discontent with the illegal distribution of Microsoft’s Altair BASIC interpreter	Quinn, Michael J. Ethics for the Information Age. pg. 20. Pearson Education Inc., 2017. Print.	omthode
1976	The Montreal-based TAUM project successfully implements the Météo French-English translation system, which could effectively translate weather reports between the two languages.	Hutchins, W. John, “MACHINE TRANSLATION: A BRIEF HISTORY,” Concise history of the language sciences: from the Sumerians to the cognitivists (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1995), p431-445.	kmpicho
1976	The Radio Corporation of America(RCA)creates the "Pixie" a controller just for the display	5. Graham Singer, The History of the Modern Graphics Processor, (TechSpot, 21 Nov. 2019), www.techspot.com/article/650-history-of-the-gpu/ (9/09/2020)	JDomigneuz
1976	Intel asks William Kahan to begin development on a new Floating-Point standard to use on a coprocessor for the Intel i8086/8 and i432 microprocessors	C. Severance, "IEEE 754: An Interview with William Kahan," in Computer, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 114-115, March 1998, September 5th 2021	jdmeza
1976	Jacques J. Vidal coins the term Brain-Computer Interface after providing the first evidence that a brain wave could control an external device.	Wolpaw, Jonathan R., et al. "Brain-computer interface technology: a review of the first international meeting." (IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering, 2000), 8:2, 164-173	ngcleary
1976	“"Backward chaining" AI system MYCIN delivers suggested antibiotic treatments for potential bacterial pathogens. The Present Illness Program is introduced to help evaluate edema.”	Cedars-Sinai Staff, AI's Ascendance in Medicine: A Timeline, (Cedars-Sinai, Apr 20, 2023) https://www.cedars-sinai.org/discoveries/ai-ascendance-in-medicine.html, (Mar 17 2024)	ekli
1976	The Data Encryption Standard (DES) is adopted as the federal standard by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)	David Leech and Michael Chinworth, "The Economic Impacts of NIST’s Data Encryption Standard (DES) Program", (National Institute of Standards & Technology, 10/1/2001), https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/other/2001/10/01/the-economic-impacts-of-nist-des-program/final, (3/22/2024)	abollinger
1977	The first magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used on a live patient. MRI allows us get to get images of internal body structures.	Alan Chodos,July, 1977: MRI Uses Fundamental Physics for Clinical Diagnosis (APS NEWS, July 2006), https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200607/history.cfm (9/2/2022)	cgwelcher
1977	The first committee meeting for the IEEE 754 working group took place. Companies such as Cray and CDC were completely absent, while IBM was only observing because of their insight on microprocessors coming soon.	C. Severance, "IEEE 754: An Interview with William Kahan," in Computer, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 114-115, March 1998 (9/3/21)	jdmeza
1977	NSA states that public cryptographic research could be a violation of multiple arms security acts.	Bauer, C. P. (2013). Government Control of Cryptologic Research. In Secret history: The story of cryptology (pp. 414-416). New York, NY: CRC Press.	etarthur
1977	Data Encryption Standard (DES) is approved for government agency use. This is the first publicly announced encryption method intended for widespread industry use [1,2]. It utilizes a symmetric key and is intended to "protect computer data and to allow for large-scale commercial interoperability"[3].	[1] Peter Loshin et al., “Data Encryption Standard”, (TechTarget, August 2021), [2] https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/Data-Encryption-Standard (September 6, 2021) [3] Chen Lily, Scholl Matthew. “The Cornerstone of Cybersecurity – Cryptographic Standards and a 50-Year Evolution” (NIST, May 26, 2022). https://www.nist.gov/blogs/cybersecurity-insights/cornerstone-cybersecurity-cryptographic-standards-and-50-year-evolution	ambornstein, added to by esdunne
1977	The first optical telephone communication system was installed about 1.5 miles under downtown Chicago.	https://www.thoughtco.com/birth-of-fiber-optics-4091837	aforozco
1977	The Apple II releases, offering buyers the option to purchase a Sup'r'mod alongside it to use their television as a monitor.	http://apple2history.org/history/ah03/ Computer History Museum, The Apple II, (The Computer History Museum, 2021), https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/personal-computers/17/300 accessed on 4/5/2021	nadiaz, bstaw
1977	Atari VCS released with MOS 6507 microprocessor. Also known as the Atari 2600	computerhistory.org/timeline/graphics-games; Riad Chikhani, The History Of Gaming: An Evolving Community (Tech Crunch, 2015), https://techcrunch.com/2015/10/31/the-history-of-gaming-an-evolving-community/ (Accessed 9/6/2020)	sdnorton, modified by resallie
1977	Deep space explorers Voyagers 1 and 2 launch from the Kennedy Space Center		esowowski
1977	Sony Walkman: Cassette recorders - The famous walkman developed by Sony sold millions of copies. Become of a huge reduced price, teenagers are open to the world of cassette recorders. This makes cassette recorders very poplular quickly.		bangyan
1977	International Computer Chess Association founded		cpnota
1977	'Synclavier' is invented and designed to construct every sequence of numbers, every sound, all by itself. It digitally synthesizes sounds from nothing but numbers.		rpdabrowski
1977	Emergence of the Sanger DNA sequncing method, which dominated DNA sequence for multiple generations.	https://www.intechopen.com/books/next-generation-sequencing-advances-applications-and-challenges/next-generation-sequencing-an-overview-of-the-history-tools-and-omic-applications	ddaly
1977	The paper that explains the theory behind the RSA encryption Algorithm is published. This is one of the first asymmetric encryption algorithms.	https://people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/Rsapaper.pdf	efschwarzrock
1977	BSD is created, and Radio Shack releases its line of affordable home computers.	http://www.computerworld.com/article/2531905/operating-systems/timeline--40-years-of-os-milestones.html	rdomanico
1977	Apple II - Manufacturers made RF modulators for the Apple II so that it could display on any tv over the air.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1977	CATIA (Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application) is released by Dassault Systems.	https://partsolutions.com/60-years-of-cad-infographic-the-history-of-cad-since-1957/	kwang8
1977	One of the first Digital Audio Workstations, soundstream, was created. Before then, the standard for recording tracks for release often included using a tape-and-reel machine.	https://recordingconnection.com/what-are-digital-audio-workstations-daw/#:~:text=The%20first%20DAWs%20were%20conceived,all%20was%20the%20easy%20part accessed 9/2/22	mhtoryu
1977-8	LZ77/LZ78 Dictionary Compression Algorithms developed		bjsharron
1978	The first solar-powered and credit card sized calculators are put on the market such as the Teal Photon.	http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/teal_photon.html Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1978	Marantz builds his "Pianocorder", which records the players notes on a cassette tape so that they may be played back on the same piano.		rpdabrowski
1978	Intel 8086, the first x86 processor using ~30k transistors		ndemarinis
1978	First GPS Block I satellites were built by Rockwell International and launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base	Hegarty, Christopher J.; Chatre, Eric (December 2008). “Evolution of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)” Proceedings of the IEEE. 96 (12): 1902-1917.	gmport, ptspillane
1978	The Department of Defense launched a 24 satellite GPS system which was finally completed in 1993.	NASA, Global Positioning System History, https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/communications/policy/GPS_History.html (March 23, 2017)	rmwiesenberg
1978	RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) algorithm published the first significant public key cryptosystem. It utilizes an asymmetric key.	Orman, H. (2015). Encrypted Email The History and Technology of Message Privacy (1st ed. 2015.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21344-6. Milanov, Evgeny. “The RSA Algorithm” RSA laboratories (2009). https://pdfdirectory.com/pdf/0702-the-rsa-algorithm.pdf	zhenhe, etarthur, added to by esdunne
1978	Apple releases Apple-DOS. This was Apple's first OS. It used a command line interface.		aquartulli
1978	Sony engineers create a prototype of the Walkman	http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/03/from-walkman-to-ipod-what-music-tech-teaches-us-about-innovation/253158/	wofrick
1978	Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. Restricts NSA surveillance capabilities after Church Committee investigation.	D. Owen, "A review of intelligence oversight failure: NSA programs that affected Americans," Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin, 2012.	mttaylor
1978	Electronic Bulletin Boards (BBS) were invented.	Nicholas A. John (2014). File Sharing and the History of Computing: Or, Why File Sharing is Called “File Sharing”, Critical Studies in Media Communication	osanderson
1978	Motorola unveiled the MC6845 a video address generator for a personal computer	5. Graham Singer, The History of the Modern Graphics Processor, (TechSpot, 21 Nov. 2019), www.techspot.com/article/650-history-of-the-gpu/ (9/09/2020)	JDominguez
1978	Dr. William Dobelle creates the worlds first surgically implanted BCI on a human: an artificial eye. Built from a camera mounted on glasses and connected to the visual cortex via surgically implanted electrodes, this product allowed his patient was about to see despite having gone blind due to blunt force trauma to the head.	https://www.wired.com/2002/09/vision/ https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/01/obituaries/dr-william-dobelle-artificial-vision-pioneer-dies-at-62.html	ajlee
1978	The modern computerized anti-lock breaking system (ABS) is introduced.	David Burton et. al, Effectiveness of ABS and Vehicle Stability Control Systems, (Royal Automobile Club of Victoria, April 2004), https://exse.eyewated.com/fls/af36ff002e25243c.pdf (Accessed 4/2/21)	jpoulos
1978	Acorn Computers is established in Cambridge, England.	https://newsroom.arm.com/blog/arm-official-history	azingher
1979	McDonnell-Douglas integrates VR for military use (pilot)		tfan
1979	The Aspen Movie Map is created by MIT. It allows users to virtually explore the city of Aspen Colorado similarly to Google Street View.	“The Aspen Movie Map: Early Interactive Computing and Virtual Reality.” The Aspen Movie Map: Early Interactive Computing and Virtual Reality : History of Information, https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=2027.	cjscopetski
1979	Sony releases the Walkman	https://www.ssense.com/en-us/editorial/culture/a-history-of-headphone-design	alate
1979	Apple sells 10 percent of its stock to Xerox in exchange for information regarding the Xerox PARC Alto.	Quinn, Michael J. Ethics for the information age. pg. 34-35. Pearson Education Inc., 2015. Print.	ciduarte
1979	Apple begins work on Lisa, the first consumer-based computer with a graphical user interface based around the desktop metaphor. However, the device is slow, overpriced and poorly received.	Perkins, R., Keller, D., & Ludolph, F. (1997). Inventing the Lisa user interface. Interactions, 40-53.	tjnickerson
1979	Motorola creates the Motorola MC68000, one of the earliest 32-bit microprocessors (though it only used 32-bit registers, all other components were 24-bit or 16-bit), which went on to be used in the Apple Lisa and Macintosh	http://priorartdatabase.com/IPCOM/000059679#	ajthompson
1979	The Stanford Cart, built by Hans Moravec, navigates the Stanford AI Lab through an assortment of chairs to become the first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle.	http://web.stanford.edu/~learnest/cart.htm	allewis
1979	Intel 8088 used in IBM-PC		dstapply
1979	Yamaha releases the Casio VL-1, the first commercial digital synthesizer.	Vail, Mark (2014) The Synthesizer: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding, Programming, Playing, and Recording the Ultimate Electronic Music Instrument. Oxford University Press.	aperucic
1979	Fairlight CMI invented by Peter Fogel and Kim Ryrie is the first commercially available polyphonic digital sampler.		obspring
1979	Bjarne Stroustrup begins work on "C with Classes".		2. Stroustrup FAQ: http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html
1979	The 8008 processor is officially released along with the Motorola 68000 which was a 16/32 bit processor.	https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EMkcZ2UPuu95BAHkGAW1YPhDVI2GfyMJh1pEu-wmjy0/edit?usp=sharing	nmbargman
1979	first announcement of TeX.	Richard Furuta, Review of [Donald E. Knuth, New Directions in Typesetting (1979)] (1983)	kehrlich
1979	barcode technology adopted for the first time by The Sims Supermarket	Nayak, Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology and Applications in Fashion and Textile Supply Chain, (CRC press, 2019), p.19-40	jdwalden
1979	Namco Galaxian arcade system was released and and was able to output RGB colors and let a person have a tilemap background	4. Olena. A Brief History of GPU, (Medium Altumea, 22 Feb. 2018), medium.com/altumea/a-brief-history-of-gpu-47d98d6a0f8a (9/09/2020)	JDominguez
1979	First software developed that can read and align DNA sequences	Staden R. (1979). A strategy of DNA sequencing employing computer programs. Nucleic acids research, 6(7), 2601–2610. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/6.7.2601.	kmvarteresian
1979	The first graphics display processor as a single LSI integrated chip for personal computers, the NEC µPD7220, is released, supporting up to 1024 x 1024 resolution.		amcutler
1980's	Development of the first LCD televisions	Rasen, E. (1985, July). Spin. SPIN Media LLC, 1(3). https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ImJFcBcCvUoC&pg=PA55	mchalmers
1980s	Miller Puckett creates Max (later Max/MSP), a visual programming language that allows computers to interact with music devices, like synthesizers.	Marshall Heiser, Max/MSP, (Marshall Heiser, 2016), https://marshallheiser.com/apps/maxmsp/ (01 Apr. 2021)	jsalbert
1980	The Sony Walkman is released		rpdabrowski
1980	Elbert et al demonstrate movement of a computer cursor using slow cortical potentials.	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6153348/	jhsu
1980	Microsoft releases MS-DOS. It creates an interface to access a computer's hardware making computers available to a larger audience.		aquartulli
1980	IBM rolls out the IBM-3081 Model Mainframe, a commercial computer with two processors	https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP3081.html#:~:text=The%20IBM%203081%20Processor%20Complex,capacity%20and%20attractive%20physical%20characteristics.	essmith
1980	Backpack Computer	http://wearcam.org/ieeecomputer/r2025.htm ; Steve Mann. 1997. Smart clothing: wearable multimedia computing and personal imaging to restore the technological balance between people and their environments. In Proceedings of the fourth ACM international conference on Multimedia (MULTIMEDIA '96). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 163-174.	akshoop
1980s	Motorola added alphanumeric display to pagers with the capability to send and received messages.	https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-pagers-and-beepers-1992315	psjain
1980	Pager had 3.2 million users	https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-pagers-and-beepers-1992315	psjain
1980	LZW Algorithm developed from LZ78 and became popular in many systems such as modems		bjsharron
1980	Self Organizing Map - Kohonen		mmohapatra
1980	Neocognitron - Fukushima		mmohapatra
1980	Defense Department officially adopts TCP/IP replacing NCP	http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/History.html	pmcraft
1980	FBI investigates a breach of security at the National CSS.	http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/11/tech/computer-hacker-essay-414s/	ajmokotoff
1980	“The case for the reduced instruction set computer” is released, introducing the concept of RISC vs CISC architectures	David A. Patterson and David R. Ditzel. 1980. The case for the reduced instruction set computer. SIGARCH Comput. Archit. News 8, 6 (October 1980), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1145/641914.641917	ehughsbaird
1980	Yamaha releases the Yamaha GS-1, the first FM digital synthesizer.	Roads, Curtis (1996). The computer music tutorial. MIT Press.	aperucic
1980	Sharp PC-1211 - The Sharp PC utilized liquid crystal displays also known as LCD because of its lightweight, energy-efficient, thin properties.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1980	The IGES format is created to allow users to transfer their 3D design between different CAD platforms.	https://partsolutions.com/60-years-of-cad-infographic-the-history-of-cad-since-1957/	kwang8
1980s	Introduction of The WELL, GEnie, Listserv, and IRC	http://ezproxy.wpi.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/history-social-media-impact-on-business/docview/889143980/se-2?accountid=29120.	smani
1980	United American Bank, a community bank led by Thomas Sudman, offered the first home online banking service to customers, allowing them to pay bills online and to check account information.	Sparks, E., “9 Young Bankers who changed America,” American Bankers Association. ABA Banking Journal, Vol. 109, No. 4, pp. 22-26, 2017. http://ezproxy.wpi.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.ezpv7-web-p-u01.wpi.edu/scholarly-journals/9-young-bankers-who-changed-america/docview/1915541008/se-2?accountid=29120	czhang10
1980	Professor Edward Fredkin introduced the Fredkin Prize, which included money for three different levels of computer competency at chess	https://chessentials.com/history-of-chess-computer-engines/ Accessed 08/30/2023	abeck
1980	Steve Kirsch and Richard F. Lyon both independently invent the optical mouse		mjhagger
1980	Atari releases Battlezone, notable for its wireframe 3D real-time rendering technology.	https://spectrum.ieee.org/battlezone	lcagle
1981	Sony released the first 3 ½ - inch floppy disk.	https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/memory-storage/	cdpomeranz
1981	Citibank, Chase Manhattan, Chemical, and Manufacturers Hanover (four major banks in New York) offered online banking services to test customers’ interest in online banking but was not sold well.	Cronin, Mary J, “Banking and Finance on the Internet,” pp. 41-42, 1997. https://books.google.com/books?id=l94FEs-lMu4C&q=pronto+home+banking&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false	czhang10
1981	Danny Hillis designs The Connection Machine, which utilizes parallel computing to bring new power to AI.	https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/14719/18524280-MIT.pdf?sequence=2	allewis
1981	Toshiba LMD-649 is created by Kenji Murata which was the first pulse-code modulation digital sampler.	http://tokyosky.sub.jp/tokyosky_webmasters_blog/2011/02/f-19823-lmd-649-1982.html	obspring
1981	Barcodes adopted by US Department of Defense.	Nayak, Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology and Applications in Fashion and Textile Supply Chain, (CRC press, 2019), p.19-40	jdwalden
1981	Ian Murphy, known as Cptain Zap, was the first hacker to be tried and convicted as a felon. He broke into AT&T's computers in 1981 and changed the billing rates.	http://hackstory.net/Captain_Zap	ajmokotoff
1981	Hacking group "Warelords" is founded. They successfully infilrtrated corporations and institutions such as the White House, Southwestern Bell, and many corporate providers of voice mail systems.	http://hacker1malaysia.blogspot.com/	ajmokotoff
1981	The Xerox Star (Xerox 8010 Information System) was released as the first commercially produced computer with a GUI.	Smith, David, et al. “Designing the Star User Interface.” Byte Magazine, (UBM Technology Group 1982), Page 242.	pjjankowski
1981	UC Berkeley releases RISC-I	RISC-V International, History of RISC-V, (RISC-V International, unknown), http://riscv.org/about/history/ (31 August 2023)	ehughsbaird
1981	MTV airs playing music videos, introducing a recorded version of a live "show" with music.		rpdabrowski
1981	Takeo Kanade builds the direct drive arm, where motors are directly installed into the joints, making it faster and more accurate than previous robotic arms		eosowski
1981	The IBM PC is released, along with the introduction of PC-DOS and MS-DOS. It quickly grew to dominate the personal computer market with its open architecture.	http://www.computerworld.com/article/2531905/operating-systems/timeline--40-years-of-os-milestones.html, Goth, Greg. “IBM PC Retrospective: There Was Enough Right to Make It Work.” in Computer, (IEEE, 2011), Pages 26–33.	rdomanico, pjjankowski
1981	Hideo Kodama publishes first instance of 3D printing-like additive manufacturing	https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/history-of-3d-printing/	wgbahm
1981	IBM 5151 MDA and PC - IBM created the IBM PC with a monochrome video display standard (MDA) that was extremely sharp for the times.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1981	The BBC Micro is released by Acorn Computing as part of the Computer Literacy Project, containing a precursor to the ARM architecture.	https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/the-legacy-of-bbc-micro/	azingher
1981	American Weidner launches the first commercially available translation system designed for microcomputers.	Hutchins, W. John, “MACHINE TRANSLATION: A BRIEF HISTORY,” Concise history of the language sciences: from the Sumerians to the cognitivists (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1995), p431-445.	kmpicho
1981	The introduction of two new computer softwares, CSNET and BITNET, within the past year helped increase the availability of email.	Schaefermeyer, Mark and Edward Sewell, Communicating by Electronic Mail, (The American Behavioral Scientist, 1988), Page 114	sjdaraskevich
1981	Parallel port – wide receptacle with 25 holes in 2 rows, a port on the original IBM PC designed for one-way high speed communication	https://www.technologyuk.net/computing/computer-hardware/parallel-port.shtml	amishra2
1982	Sony and Philips developed the CD-ROM.	https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/memory-storage/, https://koofr.eu/blog/posts/a-brief-history-of-memory-and-storage	cdpomeranz, hzgandor
1982	Cell phone purchases surpass one million.	Bellis, Mary. “Who Invented the Cell Phone?” ThoughtCo, 13 Jan. 2020, https://www.thoughtco.com/martin-cooper-history-of-cell-phone-1989865.	wrlewis
1982	C With Classes renamed C84.		Stroustrup FAQ: http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html
1982	Elk Cloner is the first widespread virus to self-replicate	Love, John. A Brief History of Malware — Its Evolution and Impact (lastline.com, 04/05/2018). https://www.lastline.com/blog/history-of-malware-its-evolution-and-impact/ Accessed 09/08/2020	zjester
1982	Albums start to be released on CD		rpdabrowski
1982	Nottingham Building Society offered full-scale online banking service “HomeLink” in the UK, partnered with Bank of Scotland and British Telecom's Prestel service. Users could connect to the internet using telephones and TVs to transfer money, pay bills, and arrange loans.	Barnaby J. Feder, “British Move Fast in Home Banking,” New York Times, Jan 1984. https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/02/business/british-move-fast-in-home-banking.html	czhang10
1982	Adobe in founded, eventually revolutionizing multimedia on the web with Flash. Flash became one of the most popular embedded web technologies however, will need to adapt if it is to stay affluent in the market.		acrottier
1982	Seiko TV Watch worn by James Bond		hsahay
1982	Casio invents the first calculator watch with notable buttons.	https://world.casio.com/corporate/history/chapter02/	ramcgovern
1982	Music CD - Introduced in 1982 but did not become a big hit. It took a decade for CD to take the market of cassettes. Soon in 1990s, CD players become the most popular music recorders.		bangyan
1982	The Input Research Group at the University of Toronto develop the first multi touch interface.		djbenson
1982	The IBM Talking Terminal was invented and dictated whatever may be presently displayed on the computer screen which was found to be very useful for individuals unable to read the screen on their own.	" IBM Hursley brings colour and speech to computing." IBM100 - Icons of Progress. IBM, n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2015.	leantul
1982	First deployment of wide scale wireless analog networks		tasellielund
1982	Invention of the Neurocognition, a pattern-recognizing convolutional neural network	https://www.ibm.com/topics/computer-vision	jacurtis2
1982	The first Ethernet adapter card for the IBM PC released, introducing fast, inexpensive connections that would enable cloud computing.	https://gcn.com/articles/2013/05/30/gcn30-timeline-cloud.aspx	rhuang2
1982	Hopfield Network - John Hopfield		mmohapatra
1982	The Logros Corporation launches a German-English translation system utilizing a direct translation approach.	Hutchins, W. John, “MACHINE TRANSLATION: A BRIEF HISTORY,” Concise history of the language sciences: from the Sumerians to the cognitivists (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1995), p431-445.	kmpicho
1982	The first wearable wireless EKG heart rate monitor produced by Polar Electro.	https://www.outsideonline.com/1998821/heart-rate-monitor	ppatel2
1982	Autodesk released AutoCAD as the first 2D CAD software for Personal Computers (PC) instead of mainframe computers or minicomputers.	https://partsolutions.com/60-years-of-cad-infographic-the-history-of-cad-since-1957/	kwang8
1982	Creation of Sayre Gloves, the first finger-tracking gloves.	History of Virtual Reality. (Virtual Reality Society, 2019). https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html
1982	MIDI, short for “musical instrument digital interface,” is first conceptualized as a universal protocol for all electronic instruments, allowing synthesizers from different manufacturers to interface with recording interfaces and each other much more easily.	https://www.midi.org/articles/midi-history-chapter-6-midi-is-born-1980-1983	mhtoryu
1983	Transmitting data through Fiber Optic Cables becomes normal and used in numerous companies	Hussein He, The History and Development of Fiber Optic Cables And Future Trends (Hongkai, 2021), https://hk-machinery.cn/the-history-of-the-development-of-fiber-optic-cable-and-future-trends/#:~:text=Fiber%20optic%20cables%20were%20invented%20by%20Dr.%20Narinder,on%20the%20other%20side%2C%20proving%20his%20method%20worked (September 4, 2023)	agjensen
1983	MIDI was created. It goes on to become the standard for controlling synthesizers and digital keyboards, and later evolves to include many different capabilities concerning digital music.	http://www.musicradar.com/news/tech/30-years-of-midi-a-brief-history-568009	jdfrench
1983	Seiko Data-2000 watch/calculator/calendar tracker		hsahay
1983	Microsoft announces Microsoft Windows to compete with Apple's GUI efforts.	A history of Windows. (n.d.). Retrieved September 4, 2015, from http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/history.	tjnickerson
1983	Fed up with proprietary printer software (and a larger trend in the software industry), Richard Stallman decides to start the GNU Project to provide an operating system that users are free to study and change	Stallman, Richard M. “Free Software: Freedom and Collaboration.” GNU Project. 29 May 2001. https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.txt (6 September 2020)	omthode
1983	Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) is established, incorporating a standard for hardware (interfaces etc.) and coded commands that make transferring "digital information between various electronic instruments as well as between instruments and computers" very easy.		rpdabrowski
1983	DARPA Miniature GPS Receiver (MGR) program began		gmport
1983	1983- ARPANET adopts TCP/IP as standard protocols. ARPANET splits into MILNET, a network for defense R&D and operational groups, and ARPANET, which is now a completely research based network. Desktop workstations with built in IP networking software are created and connected to ARPANET. DNS is developed by Jon Postel and Paul Mockapetris of USC and Craig Partridge of BBN.	Barry M. Leiner, et al., A Brief History of the Internet, http://www.cs.ucsb.edu/~almeroth/classes/F10.176A/papers/internet-history-09.pdf (9/3/2015) Hobbes, Hobbes' Abridged Internet Timeline, http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/mitra/honors/timeline.html(9/3/2015) Computer History Museum, Internet History, http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_80s.html (9/3/2015)	JRWatson
1983	Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is made a requirement for the NSFNET.	Leiner, Barry M. et al. A brief history of the internet, http://dl.acm.org.ezproxy.wpi.edu/ft_gateway.cfm?id=1629613&ftid=608056&coll=DL&dl=ACM&CFID=542592391&CFTOKEN=52418481 (9/2/2015)	svadlamudi
1983	HP releases HP-150, first touch screen computer	Ryan, Bob. "The HP-150: Sensitive to a Personal Touch." Business computer systems 3.6 (1984): 166	ndrewniak
1983	The "414s" break into 60 computer systems at institutions including Los Alamaos National Laboratory and Manhattan's Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. As a result the U.S. House of Representatives held hearings on computer security and passed several laws.	http://computersprogramm.blogspot.com/p/computer-hack.html	ajmokotoff
1983	Charles Walton is credited with developing RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology	http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press_Archive/200209/02-0905E/	zrrobins
1983	Charles Hull invents the first SLA 3D printer	https://3dprintingindustry.com/3d-printing-basics-free-beginners-guide/history/	ejbosia
1983	IBM 5153 CGA - The IBM 5153 had a CGA adapter to plug into a composite-video monitor or its associated display that had a special RGB connection unlike other displays at the time.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1983	Commodore 1702 - The Commodore allowed for an early S-video connection to produce a high display. During this time, other similar computer monitors were being generated to be hooked up to computer systems.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1983	Stuart Card, Thomas Moran, and Allen Newell publish “The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction.”	Imaz, Manuel, and David Benyon. Designing with Blends: Conceptual Foundations of Human-Computer Interaction and Software Engineering, MIT Press, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/wpi/detail.action?docID=3338668	ciduarte
1983	Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan has the first use of a particle system	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=889049	ermahoney
1983	ACID consistency model used in RDBMSs	Keith D. Foote, A Brief History of Non-Relational Databases Retrieved August 29th 2019 from https://www.dataversity.net/a-brief-history-of-non-relational-databases/	bjaubuchon
1983	The Great Video Game Crash of 1983.	Nadia Oxford, Ten Facts about the Great Video Game Crash of '83 (IGN, 2012), https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/09/21/ten-facts-about-the-great-video-game-crash-of-83 (Accessed 9/6/2020)	resallie
1983	Bjarne Stroustrup wrote C++.	Ferguson, A. (2004). A History of Computer Programming Languages. Retrieved September 11, 2020, from https://cs.brown.edu/~adf/programming_languages.html	jrtatone
1983	The world got the first portable mobile phone in the shape of the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X	https://www.tigermobiles.com/evolution/#zeroPhone	hwang15
1983	MIT launches Project Athena, one of the first campus wide distributed computing systems for education.	J. M. Arfman and P. Roden, "Project Athena: Supporting distributed computing at MIT," in IBM Systems Journal, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 550-563, 1992, doi: 10.1147/sj.313.0550. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5387431	elevin
1984	C84 renamed as C++		Stroustrup FAQ: http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html
1984	Bell Labs researcher Bob Boie releases the first multi-touch screen.		djbenson
1984	Seiko releases the uc-2000, a watch that can record up to 2000 characters and do calculations	https://www.namokimods.com/blogs/namokitimes/seiko-originals-the-uc-2000-a-smartwatch-from-1984	ajbrianti
1984	protocol proposing quantum encryption published		zhenhe
1984	Charles Hull patents the first 3D printer technology after Alain Le Mahaute's patent is abandoned	https://3dprint.com/65466/reflections-alain-le-mehaute/	wgbahm
1984	The X Window System is developed at MIT.	Scheifler, R., & Gettys, J. (1986). The X Window System. TOG ACM Trans. Graph. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 5(2), 79-109.	tjnickerson
1984	Apple releases the Macintosh, the first affordable GUI-based personal computer.	Quinn, Michael J. Ethics for the information age. pg. 34-35. Pearson Education Inc., 2015. Print.	tjnickerson, ciduarte
1984	Apple releases System 1. System 1 no longer had a command line. It used a GUI and introduced the finder and menu bar.		aquartulli
1984	DNS begins to be implemented within the internet.	Hobbes, Hobbes' Abridged Internet Timeline, http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/mitra/honors/timeline.html(9/3/2015) Computer History Museum, Internet History, http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_80s.html (9/3/2015)	JRWatson
1984	The Domain Name Server (DNS) is introduced to translate computer addresses (74.125.224.72) into human readable and recognazible addresses (www.google.com)	Mowery, David C., and Timothy Simcoe, Is the internet a US invention?-an economic and technological history of computer networking, http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.wpi.edu/science/article/pii/S0048733302000690 (9/2/2015)	svadlamudi
1984	Work starts on ARM1 at Acorn Computers	Ben Walshe, A Brief History of ARM, (ARM, 21 April 2015), https://community.arm.com/arm-community-blogs/b/architectures-and-processors-blog/posts/a-brief-history-of-arm-part-1 (31 August 2023)	ehughsbaird
1984	Engineers at Sun Microsystems set out to design SPARC, a 32-bit RISC processor	IEEE Spectrum, IEEE Spectrum (30 June 2017), https://spectrum.ieee.org/chip-hall-of-fame-sun-microsystems-sparc-processor (3 September 2023)	ehughsbaird
1984	MIPS is founded, producing the MIPS RISC architecture	John Hennessy, John Moussouris, Edward Stritter, Larry Weber, Michael Malone, MIPS Oral History Panel (Computer History Museum, 18 February 2011), https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102746197 (3 September 2023)	ehughsbaird
1984	KoalaPad is produced by Koala Technologies for home computer. It has two extra programmable buttons at the top and also a pressure-sensitive stylus.		wtao
1984	The birthing of 3D printing. The first 3D printing patent was filed for stereolithography (SLA) was filed by Charles W. Hull.	https://patents.google.com/patent/US4575330A/en	japayano, ncmorgan
1984	Wacom launched "WT Series", world's first tablet to use a cordless electronic pen.		wtao
1984	Sony releases the Discman D-50, the first portable CD player	http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2023689_2023681_2023585,00.html	wofrick
1984	Makoto Nagao, a Japanese computer scientist, proposes example-based machine translation, which divides sentences into phrases, allowing more streamlined translation	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_machine_translation	mjgulbin
1984	Alexey Pajitnov releases Tetris	http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2023689_2023681_2023585,00.html	caroberts
1984	The Polaroid Corporation suffered huge losses with the launch of the Polavision, laying off thousands of employees.	“Edwin Land and Instant Photography.” American Chemical Society, www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/land-instant-photography.html. Accessed 29 Aug. 2024.	mwnickerson
1984	Motorola DynaTAC developed the first handheld cell phone and started to sell to the public	Klemens, G. (2010). The cellphone: the history and technology of the gadget that changed the world. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.	yzhou8
1984	Psion released the first PDA	(n.d.). In 1984 Psion released the first PDA Organizer II In 1991 - AFE - 7105. Retrieved March 24, 2017, from https://www.coursehero.com/file/puttjo/In-1984-Psion-released-the-first-PDA-Organizer-II-In-1991-followed-by-Psions/	yzhou8
1984	The National Association of Home Builders formed a group to advocate for the inclusion of smart technology in newly built houses.	http://mashable.com/2015/01/08/smart-home-tech-ces/#94RaVgOCkkqc	mjmcdonald
1984	The National Association of Home Builders officially coins term "Smart House"	https://www.raconteur.net/technology/the-evolution-of-the-smart-home	dberardi
1984	Steel can commercial including a robot with movements from live detection - first motion mapping of articulated figure	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=889049	ermahoney
1984	University of Wisconsin's Genetic Lab releases software that lets a microcomputer user manipulate DNA, RNA and protein sequences with relative ease.	Devereux, J., Haeberli, P., & Smithies, O. (1984). A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX. Nucleic acids research, 12(1Part1), 387-395.	kmvarteresian
1984	Hitachi releases the ARTC HD63484, the first major CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) graphics processor for computers. It could display up to 4K resolution with 1-bit color, or 1024 x 1024 in 16-bit color.	https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/chasing-pixels/gpu-history-hitachi-artc-hd63484	amcutler
1985	NEC Multisync is released, the first monitor offering a range of refresh rates, resolutions, and input formats	PC Mag, Aug 1987 pg.45 [accessed via Google Books]	nadiaz
1985	The IEEE 754-1985 Floating-Point standard was officially established.	C. Severance, "IEEE 754: An Interview with William Kahan," in Computer, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 114-115, March 1998 (9/3/21)	jdmeza
1985	Yoshiro Hatano published research that suggests that everyone should aim for 10,000 steps per day, this promotes the Japanese manpo-kei meaning 10,000 steps meter	Tudor-Locke, C., Hatano, Y., Pangrazi, R. P., & Kang, M. (2008). Revisiting "how many steps are enough?". Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 40(7), S537.	tjaskoviak
1985	The Casio fx-7000G is released, the world's first scientific graphing calculator.	http://www.casio-intl.com/asia-mea/en/calc/history/ Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1985	Richard Stallman publishes the GNU Manifesto founds the Free Software Foundation, calling on developers and companies to release their software "free"
1985	Apple releases System 2. System 2 was faster than System 1 and introduced a few user friendly commands.		aquartulli
1985	Brothers in Arms by the Dire Straits becomes the first music CD to sell one million copies	http://www.wired.com/2009/09/1001first-cd-players/	wofrick
1985	Microsoft releases Windows 1.0. It's the first Windows OS to have a GUI which meant the OS could be learned easily and intuitively. It also allowed users to switch between programs without closing one in order to open another. The OS included many tools that were useful such as Paint and Notepad.		aquartulli
1985	Nintendo releases the Nintendo Entertainment System and Super Mario Bros in the United States. The console had an 8-bit system and used interchangeable cartridges for different games	history.com Editors, Video Game History (A&E Television Networks, 2019), https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games (Accessed 9/6/2020)	bli, caroberts, resallie, bplima (modified + added source)
1985	U.S. Federal Communications Commission released the ISM band.	https://web.archive.org/web/20070928054826/	hfang
1985	Intel 80386 32bit released		dstapply
1985	NEC Multisync - Since there were so many different types of display schemes on the market, the Multisync was created to support multiple schemes all in one monitor. Because of Multisync’s versatility, the technology became an industry standard.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1985	File Transfer Protocol (FTP) was first widely adopted.	Nicholas A. John (2014). File Sharing and the History of Computing: Or, Why File Sharing is Called “File Sharing”, Critical Studies in Media Communication	osanderson
1985	Boltzmann Machine - Hinton and Sejnowski		mmohapatra
1985	LaTeX	Leslie Lamport, My Writings, https://lamport.azurewebsites.net/pubs/pubs.html#latex (Aug 2019)	kehrlich
1985	AmsTex finished	AMS, amstex – American Mathematical Society plain TEX macros. https://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/amstex?lang=en (Aug 2019)	kehrlich
1985	ATI is formed, which would go on for years creating some of the best graphics cards on the market	“The History of Gaming: The Evolution of GPUs.” Shadow, community.shadow.tech/gben/blog/gaming/history-of-gaming-gpus.	JDominguez
1985	The First Commercial MMO, Island of Kesmai, is released to the public	Justin Olivetti, The Game Archaeologist: The Island of Kesmai, (Massively Overpowered, September 17, 2016) , https://massivelyop.com/2016/09/17/the-game-archaeologist-the-island-of-kesmai/ (September 9, 2023)	cmfrench
1986	William Kahan receives the Turing Award for his work on floating-point analysis and the IEEE 754 standard.	T. Haigh, “William (“Velvel”) Morton Kahan”, Association for Computing Machinery http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/kahan_1023746.cfm (9/7/21)	jdmeza
1986	Furness develops VR flight simulation		tfan
1986	The Alvi brothers create Brain, the first computer virus.		askittur
1986	Apple releases System 3. It uses a hierarchical file system.		aquartulli
1986	Honda begins a robot research program that starts with the premise that a robot "should coexist and cooperate with human beings, by doing what a person cannot do and by cultivating a new dimension in mobility to ultimately benefit society.		eosowski
1986	First graphical point of sale system was done on the Atari 520ST with a color touch screen.		djbenson
1986	Brain Boot Sector virus first infects MS-DOS systems	Love, John. A Brief History of Malware — Its Evolution and Impact (lastline.com, 04/05/2018). https://www.lastline.com/blog/history-of-malware-its-evolution-and-impact/ Accessed 09/08/2020	zjester
1986	PC-Write Trojan is released, early trojan that erases files on system	Love, John. A Brief History of Malware — Its Evolution and Impact (lastline.com, 04/05/2018). https://www.lastline.com/blog/history-of-malware-its-evolution-and-impact/ Accessed 09/08/2020	zjester
1986	First shirt that functioned to monitor the heart rate, temperature, and respiration of the user.	http://www.smartshirt.gatech.edu/	ppatel2
1986	Atari 5C1224 - Utilized monochrome and RBG monitors to enhance the display experience.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1986	OS/2 is released, and is designed to work with Intel's 80286 and 80386 microprocessors. When IBM and Microsoft's agreement falls apart, OS/2 becomes an IBM product while Windows names its graphical OS Windows NT.	http://www.computerworld.com/article/2531905/operating-systems/timeline--40-years-of-os-milestones.html	rdomanico
1986	National Science Foundation funds a 56Kbps cross-country network backbones	http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/History.html	pmcraft
1986	After more break-ins to government and corporate computers, Congress passes the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, which makes it a crime to hack into a computer system.	https://faculty.ist.psu.edu/bagby/43205S/T6/portalprojectfinishedversion.htm	ajmokotoff
1986	DARPA funded databases to be created to help store words, and sentences to be used to help assist in analyzing the performance of new technologies in speech recognition.	Gold, Bernard, Nelson Morgan, and Dan Ellis. "Chapter 4: Brief History of Automatic Speech Recognition." Speech and Audio Signal Processing: Processing and Perception of Speech and Music. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011. N. pag. Print.	leantul
1986	US and Israel work together to create the RQ2 Pioneer based on the Mastiff and IIA Scout. Soon afterwards, Abraham Kareium, a Israel Engineering living in the United States, creates the NAT 750, the predecessor to the Predator.	http://www.popsci.com/watch-brief-history-drone	addresser
1986	QVC, a channel dedicated to showing advertisements, is created.	4. Unknown, History of QVC Inc. – FundingUniverse, www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/qvc-inc-history/, 8/31/2018	jbbieber
1986	Young Sherlock Holmes is the first instance of CGI used for live action. Howard the Duck is the first movie to use digital wire removal.	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=889049	ermahoney
1986	Multiplayer Perceptron Rumelhart, Hinton, and Williams introduce		mmohapatra
1986	Restricted Boltzmann Smolensky		mmohapatra
1986	RNNs Jordan		mmohapatra
1986	Carnegie Mellon University's "Navlab 1" becomes first computerized self-driving, autonomous car.	Chips Etc. “Computer Chips Inside Cars.” Vintage Computer Chip Collectibles, Memorabilia & Jewelry, www.chipsetc.com/computer-chips-inside-the-car.html. Accessed 4 Sept. 2023.	ankalayjian
1986	“University of Massachusetts releases DXplain, using inputted symptoms to generate diagnoses for 500 diseases—now expanded to more than 2,600 conditions.”	Cedars-Sinai Staff, AI's Ascendance in Medicine: A Timeline, (Cedars-Sinai, Apr 20, 2023) https://www.cedars-sinai.org/discoveries/ai-ascendance-in-medicine.html, (Mar 17 2024)	ekli
1986	The introduction of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks enhanced the ability of AI systems to process sequential data, such as speech recognition and machine translation.	Pat Lawlor, Jerry Chang, The rise of generative AI: A timeline of breakthrough innovations , (Qualcomm, Feb 12, 2024) https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2024/02/the-rise-of-generative-ai-timeline-of-breakthrough-innovations(March 18, 2024)	ajli
1987	Eastgate Systems publishes the first hypertext fiction work, “Afternoon” by Michael Joyce, on a floppy disk.	https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/jan/03/ebooks.technology	jaturcotte
1987	The Sphinx-I released as one of the early commercial speech recognition systems, allowing users to give voice commands to computers.	A historical perspective of speech recognition. Communications of the ACM, 57(1), 94-103.	djkiourtsis
1987	E-mu SP-1200 percussion sampler by E-mu Systems, Inc is the first prominently used sampler in hip-hop and other popular music. Some notable users are Beastie Boys, Daft Punk, DJ Qbert, Dr. Dre, Ice-T, J Dilla, The Prodigy, MF DOOM, Q-Tip, and RZA.		obspring
1987	Acorn Archimedes is released, the first RISC-based home computer	Ben Walshe, A Brief History of ARM, (ARM, 21 April 2015), https://community.arm.com/arm-community-blogs/b/architectures-and-processors-blog/posts/a-b	ehughsbaird
1987	Digital Hearing Aids	http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4111501/	akshoop
1987	The HP-28C is released, the first calculator able to solve symbolic computations.	http://www.hpmuseum.org/hp28c.htm Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
1987	First Megapixel Sensor - Kodak develops the first sensor to record digital images, signifying the digital transformation away from film. From this point, the digital camera makes gradual improvements in sensor size and memory capacity to become what a modern camera would be considered today.		tjstone
1987	Floppy disk storage for stenographs		scbarry
1987	Apple releases System 4. System 4 fixed bugs that System 3 had.		aquartulli
1987	ATI EGA 800 is released with 16-color 800x600 support.	techspot.com/article/650-history-of-the-gpu/	sdnorton
1987	Microsoft releases Windows 2.0. Windows 2.0 was the first OS to use desktop icons and allowed windows to overlap.		aquartulli
1987	IBM 8513 VGA - IBM created the VGA video standard with its release of the PS/2 computer line.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1987	Macintosh II - The Mac II supported both color video and external monitors whose video standard resembled VGA. Apple-made monitors were known for their sharpness and color representation.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1987	Parametric Technology Corp (PTC) released Pro/Engineer as the first CAD software entirely based on solid models, history-based features and geometric constraints. It is also written in UNIX’s X-Windows to provide fast performance and friendly user interfaces.	https://partsolutions.com/60-years-of-cad-infographic-the-history-of-cad-since-1957/	kwang8
1987	The first novel OLED display is constructed	Tang, C. W.; Vanslyke, S. A. (1987). "Organic electroluminescent diodes". Applied Physics Letters. 51 (12): 913. doi:10.1063/1.98799.	mchalmers
1987	Soundstream develops a digital audio recorder called the Digital Editing System. This could be considered the first DAW, or digital audio workstation, which is a software used for producing and editing music and sound.	MusicProductionKnowledge, History of the DAW, (MusicProductionKnowledge, 04 Nov. 2020), https://musicproductionknowledge.com/software/digital-audio-workstation/the-digital-audio-workstation (01 Apr. 2021)	jsalbert
1987	PS/2 port created by IBM for keyboard and mouse connections, had 6 pins and were color coded	https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/ps2-port#:~:text=Introduced%20on%20IBM%27s%20PS%2F2,made%20a%20comeback%20for%20gamers.	amishra2
1988	DARPA's GPS Guidance Package (GGP) program began to prevent jamming the satellites		gmport
1988	Electrified Saber used at Olympic fencing tournament	https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-long-history-behind-fencers-hitdetecting-electrified-gear	ggsmith
1988	MPC60 produced by Akai is one of the most influential early samplers created for modern day music.		obspring
1988	Computer translation on stenographs		scbarry
1988	SLS 3D printing patented by Carl Deckard and FDM printing patented by Scott Crump	https://www.sculpteo.com/blog/2016/12/14/the-history-of-3d-printing-3d-printing-technologies-from-the-80s-to-today/	wgbahm
1988	Apple releases System 6. System 6 allowed the user to launch multiple applications and change between them.		aquartulli
1988	Judea Pearl coins the term "Bayesian Networks"	https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~murphyk/Teaching/CS532c_Fall04/Papers/hbtnn-bn.pdf	jtreiss
1988	California's EPA Air Quality Board mandates On-board diagnostics in cars (OBD I	On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) Regulations and requirements: Questions and Answers (EPA and National Service Center for Environmental Publications, December 2003)	edavis
1988	Lift off strategy is introduced to increase accuracy and precision by the Computer Interaction Lab at the University of Maryland.		djbenson
1988	First National Bank of Chicago is the victim of a $70-million computer theft	http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1988-05-19/news/8803180387_1_chase-manhattan-bank-wire-transfers-sources	ajmokotoff
1988	Willow is the first movie to use morphing.	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=889049	ermahoney
1988	The METAL system for German-English translation, developed by the University of Texas and the Germany-based Siemens company, is released commercially.	Hutchins, W. John, “MACHINE TRANSLATION: A BRIEF HISTORY,” Concise history of the language sciences: from the Sumerians to the cognitivists (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1995), p431-445.	kmpicho
1988	Boeing announced that CATIA would be used to design and draft the new 777 aircraft.	https://www.scan2cad.com/cad/cad-evolved-since-1982/	kwang8
1988	Phil Farrand creates Finale, a widely-used music notation software. It allows users to write, edit, and play back sheet music on a computer.	Music Printing History, Finale, (Music Printing History), https://musicprintinghistory.org/finale/ (01 Apr. 2021)	jsalbert
1988	L. Sirovich and M. Kirby begin to use linear algebra to analyze the human face and its features, ie. facial recognition.	https://www.face-rec.org/interesting-papers/General/ld.pdf	gmbuonomano
1988	Farwell and Donchin propose a BCI for spelling words based on brain signals relating to specific letters displayed on a computer screen.	Fabien Lotte, Chang S. Nam, Anton Nijholt, Introduction: Evolution of Brain-Computer Interfaces (Taylor & Francis CRC Press, 2018)1-11	ngcleary
1989	Scott Foster develops training simulator for astronauts		tfan
1989	First successful handheld game system		blammeson
1989	Private Eye: The first head-mounted display	https://www.microfocus.com/en-us/solutions/mainframe-market-space/	pmahurkar
1989	A walking robot named Genghis is unveiled by the Mobile Robots Group at MIT		eosowski
1989	Dr. Amar Bose created the first pair of noise cancelling headphones we know today	https://www.headphonesty.com/2020/10/history-of-noise-cancelling-headphones/, https://www.engineersgarage.com/invention-story-noise-cancelling-headphones/
1989	CERN scientist Tim Berners-Lee comes up with the concept for the World Wide Web in order to create a standardized way for computers to communicate across networks.	Tim Berners-Lee, Information Management: A Proposal, http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html (9/3/2015) Computer History Museum, Internet History, http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_80s.html (9/3/2015) Pew Research Center, World Wide Web Timeline, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/03/11/world-wide-web-timeline/ (9/3/2015)	JRWatson
1989	MP3 first patented		bjsharron
1989	Robert Morris created the first computer worm. The virus was extremely effective and quickly took down most of the internet. This stack is considered the first DoS (denial of service) attack. Laid the groundwork for the cyber security industry. Led to the establishment of CERTs (Computer Emergency Response Teams).	http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/opinions/the-history-of-cybersecurity/	ajmokotoff
1989	NeXT launches NeXTSTEP, a graphical operating system that is eventually incorporated into Apple's Cocoa framework, and thus present-day OS X.	Linzmayer, O. (1999). Apple confidential the real story of Apple Computer, Inc. San Francisco, Calif.: No Starch Press.	tjnickerson
1989	Peter Deutsch and Alan Emtage create an archiver for FTP sites	http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/History.html	pmcraft
1989	First proposal for the World Wide Web created and circulated at CERN	http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/History.html	pmcraft
1989	operational Block II satellites launched by United States		gmport
1989	First workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) which had themes like data mining and data-driven discovery	Longbing Cao, Data science: A comprehensive overview, Article 43 (ACM Computing Surveys, June 2017), 42 pages https://dl-acm-org.ezpxy-web-p-u01.wpi.edu/doi/pdf/10.1145/3076253	armorrison
1989	A patent for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM Printing) was filed under S. Scott Crump, at which point Stratysis, one of the first 3D printing companies, was founded.	https://patents.google.com/patent/US5121329A/en	ncmorgan
1989	A croup around Yann LeCunn successfully applies a back-propagation algorithm to a multilayer neural network, recognising handwritten ZIP codes		mmohapatra
1989	Nintendo’s Game Boy popularizes handheld gaming. The handheld console has an 8-bit system, uses handheld cartridges, and requires AA batteries. Following the console’s release, variations of the console released like the Game Boy Pocket and the Game Boy Light.	https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games	bplima
1989	Dr. Andy Hildebrand founds Antares Audio Technologies and releases the pitch-correction software Auto-Tune.	Roxy Flo, The History of Auto-Tune, (Clear Lake Recording Studios, 19 Nov. 2019), https://www.clearlakerecordingstudios.com/2019/11/19/the-history-of-auto-tune/ (01 Apr. 2021)	jsalbert
1989	Nintendo releases the Pax Power Glove at $10,000. It was used by NASA to control robots.	National Videogame Museum, https://thenvm.org/objects/pax-power-glove-1989/	abroche
1990-Present (2017)	AI begins to receive increased funding (DARPA, NSF, IBM) and notoriety.	http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4475849/ & https://ieet.org/index.php/IEET2/more/faggella20150827?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%2525253A+EthicalTechnology+Ethical+Technology#When:16:15:00Z	mjgiancola
~1990-Present	Ad Servers allow entire corporations to exist solely on advertisement revenue.	Liz Froment, The Rise of Clickbait (and the Psychology Behind it), www.zembula.com/blog/rise-clickbait-psychology-behind/, 8/31/2018	jbbieber
1990	NeXT develops a prototype for the WWW	http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/History.html	pmcraft
1990	Microsoft ships Windows 3.0, the first multiwindowed Windows operating system.	A history of Windows. (n.d.). Retrieved September 4, 2015, from http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/history.	tjnickerson
1990	Microsoft releases Windows 3.0. It's the first Microsoft OS to use virtual memory, giving it a substantial performance increase. It used 16 colors.	Quinn, Michael J. Ethics for the information age. pg. 34-35. Pearson Education Inc., 2015. Print.	aquartulli, ciduarte
1990	The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) was the successor to the NES and had improved hardware, including a 16-bit system.	https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games	bplima
1990	22 million pagers in use	https://www.silicon.co.uk/mobility/smartphones/tales-tech-history-pager-204285	psjain
1990	ARM founded, a joint venture between Acorn Computers and Apple	Ben Walshe, A Brief History of ARM, (ARM, 21 April 2015), https://community.arm.com/arm-community-blogs/b/architectures-and-processors-blog/posts/a-b	ehughsbaird
1990	ARPANET is shut down. Tim Berners-Lee develops the first web server. He also develops the first web browser, WorldWideWeb. The first search tool, ARCHIE, is created by Alan Emtage. The first commercial internet provider, The World, offers dial-up Internet access to the general public.	Hobbes, Hobbes' Abridged Internet Timeline, http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/mitra/honors/timeline.html(9/3/2015) Computer History Museum, Internet History, http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_80s.html (9/3/2015) Pew Research Center, World Wide Web Timeline, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/03/11/world-wide-web-timeline/ (9/3/2015)	JRWatson
1990	Archie was the first search engine created. Alan Emtage created Archie and it originally only had a specific filename database that could be searched.	History of Search Engines: From 1945 to Google Today. Search Engine History.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 March 2016.	hanguyen
1990	ZIP file format created		bjsharron
1990	The Computer Misuse Act 1990 is passed in the United Kingdom, criminalizing any unauthorized access to computer systems	http://searchsecurity.techtarget.co.uk/definition/Computer-Misuse-Act-1990	ajmokotoff
1990	Dragon Systems creation, Dragon Dictate, was the first large-vocabulary speech-to-text system for general-purpose dictation".	Thompson, Terry. "Tech Tips: Are You Talking To Your Computer Again?"DO-IT. University of Washington, n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2015.	leantul
1990	Early books published on VR impact		blammeson
1990	Military contractor General Atomic purchases the design of the NAT 750	http://www.popsci.com/watch-brief-history-drone	addresser
1990	The Logitech Fotoman, the first consumer digital camera is released in the US	http://www.popphoto.com/gear/2013/10/30-most-important-digital-cameras#page-4	bmheavey
1990	Altima NSX - Previously LCD screens were low-contrast monochrome and had slow refresh rates, but by the 1980s and 1990s, LCD technology gained better contrast, color abilities, and with backlights. Altima incorporated the new technology in the Altima NSX.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1	jhyuen
1990	LeNet LeCun		mmohapatra
1990	Thomas P. Caudell of Boeing contrives the term "Augmented Reality".	Interaction Design Foundation, https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/augmented-reality-the-past-the-present-and-the-future	mchava
1990	Second edition of Joy of TeX published	M. D. SPIVAK, Ph.D. (Psudoname), The Joy of tex.	kehrlich
1990	Junghans created the first radio-controlled wristwatch.	https://www.junghans.de/en/junghans-collection/watches/performance/detail.html	ramcgovern
1990s	Social Networking platforms created were Six Degrees, BlackPlanet, Asian Avenue, and MoveOn.	http://ezproxy.wpi.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/history-social-media-impact-on-business/docview/889143980/se-2?accountid=29120.	smani
1990	Upmarket machines introduced microcontrollers. These provided better timing than machine timers, and made washing machines cheaper	“Evolution of Washing Machines Timeline.” Timetoast, November 15, 1851. https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/evolution-of-washing-machines.	amkwan
1990 - Present	Edge Computing emerged along the first content delivery networks which served as distributed data centers. This computing technology brings computing power and resources closer to the network's edge, one could see it as advanced cloud computing.	Yeung, Tiffany. "What Is Edge Computing?" NVIDIA, October 22, 2019. https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/what-is-edge-computing/	jpthesmar
1991	The first commercial flash-based SSD was shipped by SunDisk.	https://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/solid-state-drive-module-demonstrated/	nchkhaidze
1991	The Dynamic Analysis and Replanning Tool(DART)single handedly justifies 30 years of AI research funding for the US government.	Antonio M Lopez et al, Machines,the Military, and Strategic Thought(Military Review, 2004), accessed from https://web.archive.org/web/20070612064519/http://usacac.leavenworth.army.mil/cac/milreview/download/English/SepOct04/lopez.pdf on 4/2/2021	nelmaliki
1991	Antonio Medina designs VR system to drive Mars robot rovers		tfan
1991	Virtuality designs VR arcade machines		tfan
1991	Matthew Turk and Alex Pentland publish a paper detailing a "a working, near-real-time face recognition system which tracks a subject's head and then recognizes the person"	https://sites.cs.ucsb.edu/~mturk/Papers/mturk-CVPR91.pdf	sgubrud
1991	WaveLan was invented, which was considered to be the precursor to 802.11ac	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi#cite_note-3	hfang
1991	Sun Systems releases a prototype Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) with inertial scrolling.		djbenson
1991	Michelangelo virus erases all files on infected systems, spreads to about 10000 computers	Love, John. A Brief History of Malware — Its Evolution and Impact (lastline.com, 04/05/2018). https://www.lastline.com/blog/history-of-malware-its-evolution-and-impact/ Accessed 09/08/2020	zjester
1991	Apple releases System 7. This OS introduced shortcuts, network sharing capabilities, and numerous user friendly features. It also used virtual memory which sped up performance.		aquartulli
1991	First quantum encryption system developed by Artur Ekert using quantum entanglement to distribute keys.	https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/research/projects/origin-and-development-quantum-cryptography	zhenhe, rcsawka
1991	Time Berners-Lee creates the first website	http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/History.html	pmcraft
1991	First user friendly interface for the internet is created at University of Minnesota	http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/History.html	pmcraft
1991	The first webcam is created and connected to the World Wide Web. NSF lifts all restrictions on commercial use of the internet.	Pew Research Center, World Wide Web Timeline, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/03/11/world-wide-web-timeline/ (9/3/2015) Computer History Museum, Internet History, http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_90s.html (9/3/2015)	JRWatson
1991	First interactive whiteboard, SMART Board, is created	Springgay, Jessica. “What Is the History of the SMART Board?” Techwalla, http://www.techwalla.com/articles/what-is-the-history-of-the-smart-board	ndrewniak
1991	Linux, an open source OS kernel based on Unix is released. Linux incorporates GNU software and later becomes known as an array of open source operating systems, or Linux distributions.	http://www.computerworld.com/article/2531905/operating-systems/timeline--40-years-of-os-milestones.html	rdomanico
1991	Work on Java begins	Oracle, The History of Java Technology, (Oracle, 2019), https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/overview/javahistory-index-198355.html (1 Apr 2020)	icleaverstigum
1991	Python is released	https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/history-of-python/	armorrison
1991	Cold War ends.	Erin Blakemore, What was the Cold War?, (National Geographic, 2019), https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ (2 Apr 2020)	icleaverstigum
1991	Virtuality, the first arcade VR machines, were released	https://virtualspeech.com/blog/history-of-vr	ejwerlinich
1991	Veronica was a user interface created in a similar vein as Archie but used text files. Jughead followed and was used for the same purpose to search files sent using Gopher index systems.	History of Search Engines: From 1945 to Google Today. Search Engine History.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 March 2016.	hanguyen
1991	Kodak introduces the DCS, a kit for modifying a Single Lens Reflex camera (SLR) into a digital camera (DSLR)	http://www.popphoto.com/gear/2013/10/30-most-important-digital-cameras#page-4	bmheavey
1991	Stuart Haber and Scott Startnetta work on the first Blockchain	https://101blockchains.com/history-of-blockchain-timeline/#prettyPhoto/0/	ieroshenko
1991	Apple releases its first laptop, the powerbook 100	Christoph Dernbach, Powerbook 100(1991), (Mac History, 2009), https://www.mac-history.net/apple-history-2/powerbook/2008-01-16/powerbook-100-1991 accessed 4/5/2021	bstaw
1991	Phil Zimmerman wrote PGP one, an encryption system that allowed people to have two keys: one given to others and one secret key. A message encrypted with one key could only be decoded with the other key. This system was created because of Bill 266 which would force all encryption systems to have trap doors where the US government could intercept the communications within the systems.	Prichard, Roger, "History of Encryption", (SANS Institute, 2002), https://www.giac.org/paper/gsec/1555/history-encryption/102877#:~:text=The%20first%20use%20of%20encryption,method%20called%20the%20substitution%20cipher. 9/1/2021	bnsahagian
1991	At MIT, Matthew A. Turk and Alex P. Pentland figure out how to detect and track faces in an image and combine that breakthrough with facial recognition.	http://www.mit.edu/~9.54/fall14/Classes/class10/Turk%20Pentland%20Eigenfaces.pdf	gmbuonomano
1991	Logitech releases the Logitech Mouseman Cordless, the first commercially available wireless mouse.		njsadlier
1991	GSM first launched in Europe with the Orbitel TPU 900 first to market.	https://www.tigermobiles.com/evolution/#zeroPhone	hwang15
1991	Yuki Naka creates the first video game emulator that allows the Sega Genesis to play a small selection of NES games. Many other independent developers also begin to experiment and develop emulators for video games.	BasuMallick, Chiradeep. “What Are Emulators? Working, Types, & Examples- Spiceworks.” Spiceworks, 18 Jan. 2023, www.spiceworks.com/tech/devops/articles/what-are-emulators/#_001. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023. Thebeau, Jake. “The History of Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) Emulation.” History Computer, 28 July 2023, https://history-computer.com/the-history-of-nintendo-entertainment-system-nes-emulation/. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023.	nkwong
1991-2	JPEG created by its namesake, the Joint Photographic Expert Group allowing for adjustable compression of images		bjsharron
1991	EKKO, The first fully featured LMS to utilize the world wide web is released by the Norwegian Knowledge Institute	Paulsen, M. F. (2023). Thirteen technologies that transformed education. Socialinis ugdymas/Social Education, 60(2), 112-132. https://ejournals.vdu.lt/index.php/socialinisugdymas/article/download/5473/3130	elevin
1992	MPEG Audio Layer 3 (MP3) is standardized, making it simpler for all groups to digitally encode and use music.
1992	The Lawnmower Man (1992) one of the first films to record a human actor's movements in a sensor-covered body suit	https://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects.html	vsgorbunov
1992	The first widely popular internet browser, Mosaic is developed by NCSA in the University of Illinois.	Computer History Museum, Internet History, http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_90s.html (9/3/2015)	JRWatson
1992	World Wide Web comes online, eventually hosting music of all kinds among other things.
1992	First SLA 3D printer created by Charles Hull’s 3D Systems	https://www.sculpteo.com/blog/2016/12/14/the-history-of-3d-printing-3d-printing-technologies-from-the-80s-to-today/	wgbahm
1992	Building Parts layer by layer		japayano
1992	GSM networks begin deployment		tasellielund
1992	Stenograph onboard screen		scbarry
1992	First commercial video streaming product, StarWorks, developed		egouveia
1992	Over 10 million cell phone users	http://www.wirelesshistoryfoundation.org/wireless-history-project/wireless-history-timeline	zrrobbins
1992	The first ever touchscreen phone was created.	Rees, Katie. “A Brief History of the World’s First Cell Phones.” MUO, 15 Nov. 2022, https://www.makeuseof.com/first-cell-phones-history/	wrlewis
1992	First SMS is sent Modification: It was sent by Neil Papworth on December 3rd. It said "merry Christmas".	“The First Text Message Celebrates 25 Years.” NPR, 4 Dec. 2017, https://www.npr.org/2017/12/04/568393428/the-first-text-messages-celebrates-25-years.	emilymiller, wrlewis
1992	The Consortium for Speech Translation Advanced Research (C-STAR) gives a public demonstration of spoken language translation via a telephone translation between English, German, and Japanese.	Hutchins, W. John, “MACHINE TRANSLATION: A BRIEF HISTORY,” Concise history of the language sciences: from the Sumerians to the cognitivists (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1995), p431-445.	kmpicho
1992	UNIX workstations redefined CAD and no new CAD software was sold for use on mainframe or minicomputer terminals	N.d. , CAD software history (CADAZZ, 2004), https://www.cadazz.com/cad-software-history.htm	kwang8
1992	The first live transatlantic telecast is broadcast using Telstar-1, a low-orbit communications satellite	Telstar. (n.d.). Retrieved September 07, 2020, from https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/telstar/nasm_A20070113000	jemetcalf
1992	First laptop with a pointing stick introduced by IBM	https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/t/tracpoin.htm	ppham
1992	IBM invented first smartphone called the Simon Personal Communicator	https://simpletexting.com/where-have-we-come-since-the-first-smartphone/	hwang15
1992	OpenGL is created, eventually becoming the leading graphics API for developers.	https://www.khronos.org/opengl/wiki/History_of_OpenGL	amcutler
1993	IBM and BellSouth release the Simon Personal Communicator, the first mobile phone with a touchscreen.	Doug Aamoth, “First Smartphone Turns 20: Fun Fact About Simon” (Time, 8/18/2014), https://time.com/3137005/first-smartphone-ibm-simon/ (Accessed 4/2/2020)	djbenson, bnklaiman
1993	Original Pentium core by Intel, using 3.1 million transistors		ndemarinis
1993	Microsoft releases Windows NT. It was the first 32 bit OS, which meant computers could have more scientific and engineering uses.		aquartulli
1993	IBM introduces the POWER2+ line of microprocessors, utilizing MCM technology to customize and partition the design to fulfill different commercial applications	https://www.eecg.utoronto.ca/~moshovos/ACA07/lecturenotes/power2%2520(mpr).pdf	essmith
1993	Mosaic is released to the general public. It is credited with the popularization of the World Wide Web. Mosaic will later become Netscape. CERN makes its World Wide Web technology public domain.	Hobbes, Hobbes' Abridged Internet Timeline, http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/mitra/honors/timeline.html (9/3/2015) Computer History Museum, Internet History, http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_90s.html (9/3/2015) Pew Research Center, World Wide Web Timeline, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/03/11/world-wide-web-timeline/ (9/3/2015)	JRWatson
1993	Adam Cheyer at SRI International research lab built the first prototype of what would become Apple’s Siri	https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/29/how-siri-got-on-the-iphone.html	ecnerden
1993	World Wide Web Wanderer was created by Matthew Gray, initially called Wandex. It allowed people to know how fast the Internet was growing.	The History of Search Engines An Infographic. History of Search Engines. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 March 2016.	hanguyen
1993	EPA requires cars to have On-board diagnostics.	On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) Regulations and requirements: Questions and Answers (EPA and National Service Center for Environmental Publications, December 2003)	edavis
1993	ALIWEB was created by Martijn Koster. It allowed users to provide descriptions of their pages which could then be searched in the index.	The History of Search Engines An Infographic. History of Search Engines. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 March 2016.	hanguyen
1993	ARM signs a deal with silicon vendor, Texas Instruments, to produce future ARM chips.	https://newsroom.arm.com/blog/arm-official-history	azingher
1993	Ian Horswill creates Polly, the first robot moving at a decent speed using computer vision	Horswill, Ian. "Polly: A vision-based artificial agent." Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI). 1993.	nelmaliki
1993	Apple Newton - The stylus touch screen device with handwriting recognition was considered innovative at its debut. While the device did not sell favorably, the technology was a precursor to modern day touch screens.	Benji Edwards, A Brief History of Computer Displays, https://www.pcworld.com/article/209224/displays/historic-monitors-slideshow.html#slide1 Interactive Displays: Natural Human‐Interface Technologies. (n.d.). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781118706237` Wikipedia, Apple Newton, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Newton	jhyuen
1993	Mercedes-Benz introduced its first infotainment system named Communication and Navigation System (CNS), which was one of the first fully integrated telematics system in the automotive domain.	Meixner, Gerrit, Carina Häcker, et al. “Retrospective and future automotive infotainment systems—100 years of User Interface Evolution.” Automotive User Interfaces, 28 Feb. 2017, pp. 3–53, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49448-7_1.	ankalayjian
1989	The Melissa and ILOVEYOU viruses were created and infected over ten million PCs and destroyed much of the existing email systems. This viruses led to the creation of antivirus technology and business to take a proactive approach. This also led to a culture of computer users being more hesitant to opening files from unknown sources. This began to frighten companies and their computer systems.	http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/opinions/the-history-of-cybersecurity/	ajmokotoff
1993	Programming language R is released	Chi Nok, Data Science 101: Is Python better than R? (August 2018) https://towardsdatascience.com/data-science-101-is-python-better-than-r-b8f258f57b0f	armorrison
1993	Mosaic, the first web browser, is created by NCSA	http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/History.html	pmcraft
1993	NCSA releases Common Gateway Interface (CGI)	https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-robinson-www-interface-00	sbaumgarten
1993	The NSA develops the Clipper Chip, a piece of hardware that was supposed to attach to all new phones and would allow the government to decrypt encrypted phone calls, if they have a warrant. This chip had many security holes and design flaws and was never implemented. It was thoroughly debunked multiple times by computer experts between the years of 1994 and 1997.	https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8GM8F2W	efschwarzrock
1993	Severe Tire Damage is the first band to be streamed live over the Internet	http://www.savetz.com/mbone/ch6_4.html	egouveia
1993	Sega Develops a VR headset for use with the Sega Genesis system, but it never left the prototyping phase with only four games being developed for it.	https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html	bmwaid
1993	objects all in one), and Compression (compressing audios and visuals)	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=871557	ermahoney
1993	The start of the Intel Pentium series, the first of which offered 60 MHz speeds.	https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EMkcZ2UPuu95BAHkGAW1YPhDVI2GfyMJh1pEu-wmjy0/edit?usp=sharing	nmbargman
1993	Mortal Kombat and Doom release in the USA. Coincidentally...the ESRB, the game rating system in the US is also created.	https://www.museumofplay.org/about/icheg/video-game-history/timeline Accessed: 4/3/2020	pmara
1993	Sega creates the first VR glasses for a home console, the Sega VR	https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html	ejwerlinich
1993	The first global positioning system (GPS) constellation becomes operational, consisting of 24 geosynchronous satellites	Mai, T. (2017, August 07). Global Positioning System History. Retrieved September 07, 2020, from https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/communications/policy/GPS_History.html	jemetcalf
1993	Id Software releases their first person shooter, DOOM, to massive success.	https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-journal/132946696/	lcagle
1994	61 million pagers in use	https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-pagers-and-beepers-1992315	psjain
1994	QR codes are invented by A Denso Wave group to increase storage of information and increase speed of scanning	Davies, Hjorth, Andrejevic, Richardson, DeSouza, QR codes during the pandemic: Seamful Quotidian placemaking, (Convergence, 2023)	jdwalden
1994	Michael Dertouzos persuades Tim Berners-Lee and others to create the World Wide Web Consortium	http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/History.html	pmcraft
1994	Dante II, an 8-legged walking robot descends into the crater of Mt Spurr in Alaska to collect data from the harsh volcanic environment		eosowski
1994	The Crow (1994) first dead actor to be re-created with CGI	https://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects.html	vsgorbunov
1994	Lycos was the first spider technology used to access pages and their hyperlinks to determine relationships and information contained on the page.	Agarwal, M., & Round, D. K. (2011). The emergence of global search engines: Trends in history and competition. Competition Policy International, 7(1), 114-134.	hanguyen
1994	Warcraft, one of the first Real-time strategy games, was introduced with not so impressive AI		txvu
1994	WebCrawler searched through the entire texts of pages.	Seymour, T., Frantsvog, D., & Kumar, S. (2011). History of search engines. International Journal of Management and Information Systems, 15(4), 47.	hanguyen
1994	Marc Thorpe starts Robot Wars in San Francisco, California		eosowski
1994	QR code( Quick Response Code) is first designed for the automotive industry in Japan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_code	dchen
1994	First version of PHP (PHP/FI) released	http://php.net/manual/en/history.php.php	sbaumgarten
1994	Wireless Webcam Wearable	Steve Mann. 1997. Smart clothing: wearable multimedia computing and personal imaging to restore the technological balance between people and their environments. In Proceedings of the fourth ACM international conference on Multimedia (MULTIMEDIA '96). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 163-174.	akshoop
1994	WWW becomes available to everyone for free		emilymiller
1994	Wolpaw trains volunteers to control cursor in two dimensions using EEG-based communication.	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7515787/	jhsu
1994	AI wins at checkers	http://wpi.aci.info/view/14650deba575c0c0128/152861cf9a90012000a	awheeler2
1994	Cookies Invented		eapolekoff
1994	The first Internet stock trade is completed by K. Aufhauser & Company, Inc., launching a new era of online stock trading.	http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/crash/2/	tleung
1994	The Pentagon contracts General Atomic to create an updated version of the NAT 750 that would be lighter, faster, cheaper, and more versatile. Six months later the Predator drone was created.	http://www.popsci.com/watch-brief-history-drone	addresser
1994	Bluetooth invented by Ericcson - Dr. Haartsen laid the foundations for Bluetooth at Ericcson	http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/bluetooth/bluetooth_overview.php https://www.invent.org/inductees/jaap-c-haartsen#:~:text=In%201994%2C%20he%20laid%20the,seemingly%20endless%20array%20of%20devices.	zrrobbins, crueda
1994	Peter Shor discovers a theory which "helps quantum machines find the prime factors of integers incredibly fast." This theory may lead to the potential breaking of asymmetrical encryption.	https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9508027v2. Giles, Martin. “Explainer: What is post-quantum cryptography?” MIT Technology Review, July 12, 2019. https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/07/12/134211/explainer-what-is-post-quantum-cryptography/	hfloreshuerta, edited by esdunne
1994	Palm release “Graffiti” handwriting recognition software.	Zimmerman, M. R., & Moeller, M. (1994, September 12). Handwriting program claims to be 100 percent accurate. PC Week, 11(36), 8. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A16237516/ITOF?u=mlin_c_worpoly&sid=ITOF&xid=5b4865eb	jbbrown
1994	VRML Standardized, featuring Scene Graph (Space of 3D world) and Interaction (Navigation and toggle view, with sensors to trigger actions or animations).	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=871557	ermahoney
1994	First laptop with a trackpad was invented by Apple in their PowerBook 500. Apple also switched to using the PowerPC RISC architecture from Motorola 68000 this year.	https://www.zdnet.com/article/wayback-mac-remembering-the-first-trackpad-laptop/ and Maurice Jamieson, The Evolution of RISC Architecture, (EEPC University of Edinburgh, 11 April 2023), https://www.epcc.ed.ac.uk/whats-happening/articles/evolution-risc-architecture (31 August 2023)	ppham, ehughsbaird
1994	Elliot Pellman is made chairman of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee. Renowned for making athletes perform regardless of concussion. “Love of the sport” shows deeper roots and power of football in society		mhsultan
1994	STEP is created as the new format for transferring 3D design across platforms. It becomes the international standard and is still most used today.	Alexis Barnhorn, Laura Caudill, 60 years of CAD Infographic: The History CAD since 1957 (CADENAS, 2018), https://partsolutions.com/60-years-of-cad-infographic-the-history-of-cad-since-1957/	kwang8
1994	Autodesk released AutoCAD R13 which is 3D compatible.	Alexis Barnhorn, Laura Caudill, 60 years of CAD Infographic: The History CAD since 1957 (CADENAS, 2018), https://partsolutions.com/60-years-of-cad-infographic-the-history-of-cad-since-1957/	kwang8
1994	Kiss.com becomes first modern dating website.	http://archive.pov.org/xoxosms/infographic-technology-dating/#:~:text=In%201998%2C%20online%20dating%20gains,by%20match.com%20in%201995	amkwan
1994	First pre-release versions of the USB were created, not yet released commercially	https://www.computerhope.com/history/usb.htm	amishra2
1994	IBM’s SPC hit the market with a price tag of $1100	https://blog.textedly.com/smartphone-history-when-were-smartphones-invented#first	hwang15
1994	On December 3 1994, Sony released the PlayStation	https://www.britannica.com/topic/PlayStation	kjsmith2
1994	First prototype created for Bluetooth as a device for short radio wave connection	Syed Rafid Kabir, Who Invented Bluetooth? Story of the Bit Bouncer, (History Cooperative, 02/26/2024), https://historycooperative.org/who-invented-bluetooth/ (3/31/2024)	Rnguyen
1995	The DVD is released.	https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/memory-storage/	cdpomeranz
1995	Apple introduces FireWire, which offered higher speeds and higher power distribution, but failed to displace USB because of its cost	https://apple.fandom.com/wiki/FireWire	amishra2
1995	Electronic Stability Control (ESC) is first introduced as an optional feature for some vehicles in Europe.	Charles M Farmer, Effect of Electronic Stability Control on Automobile Crash Risk, (Traffic Injury Prevention, 8/11/10), https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15389580490896951 (Accessed 4/2/21)	jpoulos
1995	Amazon.com, the first online bookstore, opens.	http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29801/29801-pdf.pdf	jaturcotte
1995	The Predator drone streams live video to the Pentagon which is the first time the military ever used live reconnaissance video.	Predator: The Secret Origins of the Drone Revolution by Richard Whittle	hdunphy
1995	Mobile Phones Become More Mainstream (still approx. 8"x3"x1.5")		clhudson
1995	Term "User Experience Design" is coined by Don Norman		eapolekoff
1995	Sony released the PlayStation, the first console in the PlayStation series and utilized memory cards in order to save game data. The console surpassed the SNES as the best-selling console in 1996 and has sold over 100 million copies.	computerhistory.org/timeline/graphics-games https://www.wired.com/2007/06/gallery-game-history/	sdnorton, bplima
1995	Seiko Message Watch with caller ID, sports scores, and stock prices relseased		hsahay
1995	Internet opens fully for commercial use as AOL, Prodigy, and CompuServe come online	http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/History.html	pmcraft
1995	Microsoft releases Windows 95, the first Windows operating system to feature the start menu, task bar, and window buttons (close, minimize, maximize).	A history of Windows. (n.d.). Retrieved September 4, 2015, from http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/history.	tjnickerson
1995	Java published	Oracle, The History of Java Technology, (Oracle, 2019), https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/overview/javahistory-index-198355.html (1 Apr 2020)	icleaverstigum
1995	Full Operational Capacity (FOC) of 24 operational satellites met		gmport
1995	Stanford Federal Credit Union was the first financial institution in the U.S. that offered full-scale internet banking to its customers with online banking website.	Arndorfer, J.B, “Cyberspace pioneers foresee internet profits series: 11.” American Banker (pre-1997 Fulltext). Jun 05, 1995. https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/cyberspace-pioneers-foresee-internet-profits/docview/293053934/se-2?accountid=29120.	czhang10
1995	Yahoo! is founded		dtocco
1995	Early robot car created by Ernst Dickmanns drives more than 1000 miles through traffic from Munich to Copenhagen and back.	https://partners.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/080997othello.html	allewis
1995	Chinook checkers program defeats World Champion Don Lafferty in 32--game match to claim man-machine checkers title		cpnota
1995	Microsoft releases Windows 95. Windows 95 was the first OS to feature a start menu, taskbar, and minimize, maximize, and close buttons on each window. It had Plug and Play capabilities and built in internet support.		aquartulli
1995	The NSF stops providing the backbone support of the Internet and the Commercial Internet Service Providers take over the task.
1995	“Toy Story” was released, the first full-length film to be made entirely with computer animation	http://www.filmsite.org/visualeffects.html	kofichtner, svadlamudi
1995	First live event streamed over the Internet, a Yankees vs. Mariners baseball game	http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/realnetworks-inc-history/	egouveia
1995	Intel Pentium Pro releases, a response to RISC processors, with features such as out-of-order execution	Gary Anthes, Timeline: A brief history of the x86 microprocessor, (Computerworld, 5 June 2008), https://www.computerworld.com/article/2535019/timeline--a-brief-history-of-the-x86-microprocessor.html (3 September 2023)	dstapply, ehughsbaird
1995	Nintendo released the Virtual Boy, the first portable VR console	https://virtualspeech.com/blog/history-of-vr	ejwerlinich
1995	Excite was created by Stanford undergraduates who wanted to make a more efficient search algorithm by relationships between words, such as synonyms to produce more accurate results.	Agarwal, M., & Round, D. K. (2011). The emergence of global search engines: Trends in history and competition. Competition Policy International, 7(1), 114-134.	hanguyen
1995	Nintendo releases the Virtual Boy, designed to be the first portable VR device, but it ended up failing due to its primitive graphics and small game library.	https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html	bmwaid
1995	Disney releases Toy Story, which is the first computer-animated film. Batman Forever has the first virtual stunt double.	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=889049	ermahoney
1995	Diamante Sedan, First Commercial Level 1 Autonomy Car (Driver Assistance)	www.autonomousvehicleinternational.com/features/adas-3.html.7	cctulig
1995	SolidWorks released SolidWorks 95 as an “80% of Pro/Engineering’s functionality at 20% of the price”	N.d. , CAD software history (CADAZZ, 2004), https://www.cadazz.com/cad-software-history.htm	kwang8
1995	Fraunhofer Institute releases first MP3 encoding software the same year the term MP3 is coined	The mp3 History (Fraunhofer Institute) https://www.mp3-history.com/en/timeline.html#6 (11/2/20)	brdesousa
1995	Video game emulators continue to grow through independent developers. Readonly memory (ROM) formats for video game cartridges allow console games to be played on personal computers.	BasuMallick, Chiradeep. “What Are Emulators? Working, Types, & Examples- Spiceworks.” Spiceworks, 18 Jan. 2023, www.spiceworks.com/tech/devops/articles/what-are-emulators/#_001. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023. Wells III, Robert Earl. “What Is a Video Game Emulator? A Way to Play Retro Games on Your PC.” Lifewire, Lifewire, 11 Mar. 2020, www.lifewire.com/video-game-emulators-need-to-know-4687006. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023.	nkwong
1996	A RoboTuna is designed and build by David Barrettto study the way fish swim		eosowski
1996	The GGP was successfully flight tested at the Patuxent Naval Air Station		gmport
1996	USB 1.0 released commercially, was able to transfer data at 12 mbps	https://www.computerhope.com/history/usb.htm	amishra2
1996	Researchers develop software for the LIGIER electric vehicle that allows it to autonomously parallel park.	Autonomous Parallel Parking of a Nonholonomic Vehicle. 1996. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy.wpi.edu/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=566343. Access Date: 21 Mar 2016	aaadkins
1996	Real-time stock tickers are used on cable television channels CNBC and CNN-FN. Market data, which had previously been delayed 20 minutes, is now reported in real time.	http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/crash/2/	tleung
1996	PNG developed		bjsharron
1996	Creatures the video game is released.		caroberts
1996	Hackers alter Web sites of the United States Department of Justice (August), and the CIA (October), and then the U.S. Air Force (December).	http://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/31/us/air-force-computer-invaded-as-hackers-forge-web-page.html	ajmokotoff
1996	3dfx releases Voodoo Graphics chip and subsequently gains 80-85% market traction.	http://www.techspot.com/article/650-history-of-the-gpu/	sdnorton
1996	German-Hungarian software company Audio Simulation releases AudioSim, one of the first virtual analog software synthesizers.	http://www.audio-simulation.com/?page=about Visited 08/30/2017	aperucic
1996	The world’s first DVD player was the Toshiba SD-3000, launched in November 1996.	https://didyouknow.org/dvdhistory/	mazyla
1996	The Navy launched its Ethernet project entitled IT-2.	https://bebusinessed.com/history/history-of-online-storage/	rhuang2
1996	The idea was conceived of using an ultra-fast laser to store produce points on glass to store data.	Kazansky, Peter G, Eternal 5D optical data storage in glass (University of Southampton, 7/8/2016), https://www-spiedigitallibrary-org.ezpxy-web-p-u01.wpi.edu/conference-proceedings-of-spie/9959/2240594/Eternal-5D-optical-data-storage-in-glassConference-Presentation/10.1117/12.2240594.full?SSO=1, (4/2/2020)	maferreira
1996	The TI-92 is the first graphing calculator with all the functions of a computer algebra system		dstusalitus
1996	Nokia releases the Nokia 9000 Communicator, with a clamshell design containing a QWERTY keyboard	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone#PDA/phone_hybrids	bnklaiman
1996	Nintendo uses a 64-bit processor in it’s Nintendo 64 console.	history.com Editors, Video Game History (A&E Television Networks, 2019), https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games (Accessed 9/6/2020)	resallie
1996	Richard Stallman, develops and releases a free and open source program that allows for DNA, RNA, and protein sequence alignments	Williams S. Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman’s Crusade for Free Software. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly, 2002, 240	kmvarteresian
1996	Steinberg releases the first VST plugins (virtual studio technology), which came with their DAW (digital audio workstation) Cubase 3.02. VSTs can add features, such as instruments and audio/MIDI effects, to the DAWs they are used with.	Kuassa, VST Plugins: Development and What You Need to Know About It, (Kuassa), https://www.kuassa.com/vst-plugins-development-and-what-you-need-to-know-about-it/#:~:text=The%20history%20of%20VST%20began,type%20has%20a%20different%20role (01 Apr. 2021)	jsalbert
1996	Compaq uses the term “cloud computing” for the first time.	Maurer, T., & Hinck, G. (2020). Cloud Security: A Primer for Policymakers (pp. 10-22, Rep.). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. doi:10.2307/resrep25787.8	acherkinsky
1996	Larry Page and Sergy Brin produce their paper "Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine", the basis for Google	Linda Alchin, Google Timeline, (Siteseen Ltd, March 2018), https://www.datesandevents.org/events-timelines/18-google-timeline.htm	nlingram
1996	Steinberg releases Cubase 3.0, a DAW that came along with built-in VST (Virtual Studio Technology) plugins, released in the same year.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Studio_Technology accesed 9/2/22	mhtoryu
1996	Garry Kasparov plays IBM’s Deep Blue for the first time, winning the six-game match by 4-2, marking the first time a chess engine won a game against the current chess champion in a regular match.	IBM, “Deep Blue,” IBM.com. https://www.ibm.com/history/deep-blue (Accessed Sept. 3, 2024)	bkohler
1997	Sony releases the first ever ‘neckband’	https://www.ssense.com/en-us/editorial/culture/a-history-of-headphone-design	alate
1997	VR for Exposure therapy for veterans with PTSD		tfan
1997	Normalized Cuts algorithm developed, which can separate images into component parts	https://ai.stanford.edu/~syyeung/cvweb/index.html	jacurtis2
1997	Apple releases Mac OS 8. OS 8 featured numerous improvements in speed and introduced pop up menus. It also had HTML help pages for the user.		aquartulli
1997	IBM's Deep Blue defeats Chess World Champion Garry Kasparov in 6-game match	IBM, “Deep Blue,” IBM.com. https://www.ibm.com/history/deep-blue (Accessed Sept. 3, 2024)	cpnota, rjsthilaire, nelmaliki, bkohler
1997	The Pathfinder mission lands on Mars, where the robot Sojourner broadcasts data for 3 months		eosowski
1997	Engineer Phillipe Kahn uses a digital camera connected to his phone to share photos of his newborn daughter, essentially creating the camera phone	http://100photos.time.com/photos/philippe-kahn-first-cell-phone-picture	bmheavey
1997	Professional Go player Janice Kim overcomes whopping 25-stone handicap to defeat Handtalk, top Go program of the era		cpnota
1997	First Social Networking Sites Begin to Spring Up		eapolekoff
1997	Macromedia Flash Player 2 released		egouveia
1997	Eric Raymond presents The Cathedral and the Bazaar at Linux Kongress. This later motivates a few corporations to release their software with the source code	Raymond, Eric S. “The Cathedral and the Bazaar.” (First Monday 1998), https://firstmonday.org/article/view/578/499 (6 September 2020)	omthode
1997	There were 1 million domain registrants on the Internet		dtocco
1997	IEEE released the first version of 802.11 protocol, two net bit rates of 1 or 2 megabits per second.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi#cite_note-3	hfang
1997	Image-Line partially releases FruityLoops (1.0.0). It would go on to become one of the most popular Digital Audio Workstations.	https://www.image-line.com/flstudio/history.php?entry_id=1286984399 Visited 08/31/2017	aperucic
1997	David Wolf becomes the first American to vote from space, under a special Texas law	https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91791895	stgoldman
1997	SYSTRAN creates AltaVista Babelfish, the world's first web translation tool	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_machine_translation	mjgulbin
1997	First use of Convolution neural network in Face recognition	Lawrence, S., Giles, C. L., Tsoi, A. C., & Back, A. D. (1997). Face recognition: A convolutional neural-network approach. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 8(1), 98-113. 10.1109/72.554195	aditthapron
1997	The term "cloud computing" is coined by University of Texas professor Ramnath Chellappa in a talk on a "new computing paradigm."	https://gcn.com/articles/2013/05/30/gcn30-timeline-cloud.aspx	rhuang2
1997	LSTMs Hochreiter and Schmidhuber		mmohapatra
1997	NetBank became the first fully public online banking company. It partnered with “First Mortgage Network” to offer home loan services online.	Rothstein, C., & Watson, R. T, “Netbank: The conservative internet entrepreneurs.” Communications of the Association for Information Systems, Vol. 14, No. 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.01410	czhang10
1997	Bidirectional RNN Schuster and Paliwal		mmohapatra
1997	Google.com was registered as a domain name	Linda Alchin, Google Timeline, (Siteseen Ltd, March 2018), https://www.datesandevents.org/events-timelines/18-google-timeline.htm	nlingram
1997	Propellerhead releases Rebirth, an entirely software-based VST synthesizer that allows users to recreate the sounds of drums and synths without any physical hardware.	https://mixdownmag.com.au/features/musicology-a-brief-history-of-the-digital-audio-workstation/ accesed 9/2/22	mhtoryu
1997	The Nokia 6110 phone is released, popularizing the use of ARM technology in mobile phones.	https://newsroom.arm.com/blog/arm-official-history	azingher
1997	Taneil Armanto designed a mobile gaming called Snake for Nokia 6110 phones Modification: This was known as the first ever cell phone app.	https://simpletexting.com/where-have-we-come-since-the-first-smartphone/ Johnson, Lauren. “The History of Mobile Apps.” Inventionland, 3 Apr. 2019, https://inventionland.com/blog/the-history-of-mobile-apps/.	hwang15, wrlewis
1997	The first successful brute-force attack of DES is carried out, proving that attacks against the encryption method had “become practical for even modestly funded groups”.	Curtin Matt, Dolske Justin. “A Brute Force Search of DES Keyspace”. 8th Usenix Symposium, January. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=6efefac47649973fd0783c090f1dfcc278ea85d7	esdunne
1997	The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) calls for block cipher algorithm submissions for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) competition	National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)", (National Institute of Standards and Technology, 11/26/2001, Updated 5/9/2023), https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/197/final, (3/22/2024)	abollinger
1998	Ericsson collaborates with Toshiba, Nokia, Intel and IBM to create the Bluetooth Special Interest Group(SIG). An organization to help develop Bluetooth technology.	Syed Rafid Kabir, Who Invented Bluetooth? Story of the Bit Bouncer, (History Cooperative, 02/26/2024), https://historycooperative.org/who-invented-bluetooth/ (3/31/2024)	Rnguyen
1998	The Palm Pilot is released, the first touch product to have major consumer success.		djbenson
1998	Christine Peterson coins the term “open source” at a meeting on promotion strategy in the free software community	Peterson, Christine. “How I coined the term ‘open source’.” (Red Hat, Inc., 2018), https://opensource.com/article/18/2/coining-term-open-source-software (6 September 2020)	omthode
1998	The design of NOKIA 9110I significantly reduced the weight of smartphone.	https://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2009/05/the-evolution-of-cell-phone-design-between-1983-2009/	hwang15
1998	Google was founded. 300 web pages existed and the number was increasing by over 1.5 million daily		dtocco
1998	One of the first commercial standalone LCD screens, the Eizo L66 is released	http://www.eizoglobal.com/support/db/files/catalogs/lcd/l360-l66.pdf	nadiaz
1998	Linux Wristwatch released		hsahay
1998	Microsoft releases Windows 98. Windows 98 was the first Windows OS to be specifically for consumers. It made it easier to find programs, which meant a more user friendly experience. Windows 98 was also the first Windows OS to support reading from USB ports and DVDs.		aquartulli
1998	Windows 98 is released with the Windows Browser bundled into it	http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/History.html	pmcraft
1998	MSN was created.	The History of Search Engines An Infographic. History of Search Engines. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 March 2016.	hanguyen
1998	Valve Software and Sierra Studios release Half-Life, revolutionary for both its advanced 3D rendering engine and unique focus on diegetic narrative elements.	https://medium.com/@halilemreyildiz/half-lifes-revolutionary-role-in-gaming-industry-cc68353f9502	bli, lcagle
1998	Nintendo releases the Game Boy Color, a new addition to the Game Boy series. It featured a colored screen and was backwards compatible. Nintendo released limited editions of the console in certain countries.	http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/52504/Game-Boy-Color-Teal/#:~:text=It%20was%20released%20on%20October,Color%20was%20discontinued%20in%202003	bplima
1998	Netflix site was launched.	https://qz.com/887010/netflix-nflx-launched-streaming-video-10-years-ago-and-changed-the-way-we-watch-everything/	mazyla
1998	Rockstar Games releases Grand Theft Auto.		bli
1998	First working 3-qubit Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Quantum computer is built	https://books.google.com/books?id=l217ma2sWkoC	hfloreshuerta
1998	SEGA DreamCast released. Being the first console released in the sixth generation, Dreamcast has the best graphics at that time. It is also the first console that has a built-in modem for online features. However, this is the last console developed by SEGA.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamcast	mli2
1998	Microsoft creates it's Microsoft GS Wavetable SW Synth, featured in Windows 98. It is capable of playing back MIDI, with a polyphony of 32 notes.	https://news.microsoft.com/1996/10/22/microsoft-licenses-sound-canvas-sounds-from-industry-leader-roland-corp/ Visited 08/30/2017	aperucic
1998	First internet-enabled “smart fridges” and other smart appliances begin to be developed	http://www.iotevolutionworld.com/m2m/articles/376816-history-smart-homes.htm	mjmcdonald
1998	USB 1.1 released commercially, was much more successful than USB 1.0	https://www.computerhope.com/history/usb.htm	amishra2
1998	Apple released The Apple iMac G3, which contained USB ports and no serial or parallel ports	https://www.computerhope.com/history/usb.htm	amishra2
1998	NoSQL was first used (did not use SQL)	Keith D. Foote, A Brief History of Non-Relational Databases Retrieved August 29th 2019 from https://www.dataversity.net/a-brief-history-of-non-relational-databases/	bjaubuchon
1998	Lego Mindstorm series was created for programming education	https://robotsauthority.com/the-short-history-of-lego-mindstorms/	sli11
1998	Nick Szabo creates Bit Gold, the first conceptual cryptocurrency	Szabo, Nick. “Bit Gold.” Satoshi Nakamoto Institute, 29 December 2005, https://nakamotoinstitute.org/bit-gold/.	drphillips
1998	Philip Kennedy and Roy Bakay are the first to install a BCI implant into a human brain, which could successfully translate strong brain signals into machine language, allowing him to control a computer	Nitish Kumar, Brain-Computer Interface (COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 2008), 3-25	ngcleary
1998	AAIC HACP, the first widely adopted standard for Interoperability between eLearning content and LMSs, released by the Aviation Avionics and Instruments Corp	https://scorm.com/scorm-explained/business-of-scorm/scorm-versions/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=natural_search	elevin
1998-1999	Data Encryption Standard (DES) is cracked by the Electronic Frontier Foundation in 56 hours, then again in 22 hours, rendering it insecure.	Peter Loshin et al., “Data Encryption Standard”, (TechTarget, August 2021), https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/Data-Encryption-Standard (September 6, 2021)	ambornstein
1999	In 1999, Salesforce first delivered enterprise applications over the internet which led to a boom in cloud-powered applications.	https://www.bcs.org/articles-opinion-and-research/history-of-the-cloud/	agupta9
1999	Apple releases Mac OS 9. OS 9 increased security, provided automatic software updates, and supported USB printers and USB audio.		aquartulli
1999	"Internet of Things" coined as a topic by Kevin Ashton	Mattern, F., & Floerkemeier, C. (2010). From the Internet of Computers to the Internet of Things. In From active data management to event-based systems and more (pp. 242-259). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pg. 243	amartinez
1999	Nvidia releases GeForce 256 and coins term "GPU."	techspot.com/article/650-history-of-the-gpu/	sdnorton
1999	Engineered organs bring new advances to medicine		japayano
1999	LEGO releases the Robotics Discovery Set, Droid Developer Kit and Robotics Invention System 1.5		eosowski
1999	First radar-based adaptive cruise control system introduced by Mercedes	How Does Adaptive Cruise Control Work?. 2015. http://www.proctorcars.com/how-does-adaptive-cruise-control-work/. Access Date: 21 Mar 2016	aaadkins
1999	Wi-Fi Alliance was formed.	http://www.wi-fi.org/who-we-are	hfang
1999	3D printed framework for a bladder is created and then integrated with the patient’s own cells at Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine	https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/history-of-3d-printing/	wgbahm
1999	802.11a and 802.11b was released.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11	hfang
1999	Apple introduced Wi-Fi to public	http://www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-wifi-macworld-1999-video-2014-10	hfang
1999	DoubleClick begins using user info and advertising		eapolekoff
1999	First smart watch to send and receive calls - Samsung SPH-WP10	https://www.sutori.com/en/item/1999-samsung-sph-wp10-1999-samsung-introduces-the-first-watchphone-the-sph-w	skushwaha
1999	U.S. President Bill Clinton announces a $1.46 billion initiative to improve government computer security.	http://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9901/26/clinton.idg/	ajmokotoff
1998-1999	The worldwide network began forming with Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Japan, Sweden and the UK connecting to the NSFNET.	Mowery, David C., and Timothy Simcoe, Is the internet a US invention?-an economic and technological history of computer networking, http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.wpi.edu/science/article/pii/S0048733302000690 (9/2/2015)	svadlamudi
1999	The Wi-Fi Alliance is formed, and Wi-Fi is formally coined, representing any wireless local area network (WLAM) following 802.11 standards.	http://www.wirelesshistoryfoundation.org/wireless-history-project/wireless-history-timeline	zrrobbins
1999	Nikon introduces the D1, the first true DSLR	http://www.popphoto.com/gear/2013/10/30-most-important-digital-cameras#page-4	bmheavey
1999	Intel Pentium III		dstapply
1999	With use of electoencephalogram based BCIs, researchers at UC Berkeley were able to record a cat's brain signals, and decode them to generate a short clip of images the cat saw. Although the images came out fuzzy, they accurately captured the scenery that the cat was viewing.	https://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/99legacy/10-15-1999.html	ajlee
1999	Ableton AG founded by Gerhard Behles, Robert Henke of Monolake, and Bernd Roggendorf
1999	Geri's Game Pixar short film noted for animation of faces and clothing. Jar-Jar in Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace has the first anthropoid main character of a movie.	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=889049	ermahoney
1999	Napsted was released.	Nicholas A. John (2014). File Sharing and the History of Computing: Or, Why File Sharing is Called “File Sharing”, Critical Studies in Media Communication	osanderson
1999	NCAA funds long-term concussion study with North Carolina’s Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center and Michael McCrea, director of brain injury research at the Medical College of Wisconsin		mhsultan
1999	NTT DoCoMo launches i-mode, the first mobile-specific browser-based web service	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone#Japanese_cell_phones	bnklaiman
1999	Kyocera Visual Phone VP-210, the first commercial camera phone, releases in Japan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone#Camera_advancements	bnklaiman
1999	Dan Libby and Ramanathan V. Guha created RDF Site Summaary, the first verison of RSS	https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rss1.html	oejackson
1999	A program allowing for whole genome alignment, named MUMmer, is released in the language Perl	Kurtz, S., Phillippy, A., Delcher, A. L., Smoot, M., Shumway, M., Antonescu, C., & Salzberg, S. L. (2004). Versatile and open software for comparing large genomes. Genome biology, 5(2), R12	kmvarteresian
1999	Samsung introduced the first Watch Phone (SPH-WP10).	https://appleinsider.com/articles/13/03/21/new-samsung-smart-watch-will-be-companys-third-stab-at-wrist-accessory	ramcgovern
1999	Napster launches, allowing free sharing of MP3 files over the internet	Tom Lamont, Napster: The day music was set free, (The Guardian, Sat 23 Feb 2013) https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/feb/24/napster-music-free-file-sharing (11/2/20)	brdesousa
April 19, 2000	A man named Wen-Chin Yang filed a patent for the invention of a "mobile phone battery charge with USB interface." It was the first battery charger for mobile devices such as the cellphone, rather than the power adapters that existed for phones since the 1980s.	https://patents.justia.com/inventor/wen-chin-yang?page=2	zsperry
2000 BC	The abacus is invented. A frame made out of wood holding rods with sliding beads on them, used to aid in arithmetic calculations.	http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/history.html Visited: 9/3/2015	dssilva
Late 2000	Flash drives appeared on the market.	https://www.dataversity.net/brief-history-data-storage/	nchkhaidze
2000	More than 80 percent of long-distance traffic over fiber optic cables and 25 million kilometers of the cable [8]	Bellis, Mary. "How Fiber Optics Was Invented." ThoughtCo, Jun. 27, 2021, thoughtco.com/birth-of-fiber-optics-4091837. (September 4, 2023)	agjensen
2000	The USB Flash drive is released.	https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/memory-storage/, https://koofr.eu/blog/posts/a-brief-history-of-memory-and-storage	cdpomeranz, hzgandor
2000	Troy Aikman retires from continuous effect from concussions after receiving sever pressure to perform regardless. Concussions back in the news		mhsultan
2000	The first Bluetooth headset	https://www.bluetooth.com/about-us-2/our-history/	pmahurkar
2000	The Levis ICD+ jacket was launched commercially in summer 2000 and this product is widely considered to be the first commercial wearable electronics garment	https://www.vhmdesignfutures.com/project/192/	pmahurkar
2000	President Clinton ordered that GPS Selective Availability (SA) feature be turned off		gmport
2000	The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) announces the selection of the Rijndael block cipher family as the winner of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) competition	National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)", (National Institute of Standards and Technology, 11/26/2001, Updated 5/9/2023), https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/197/final, (3/22/2024)	abollinger
2000	Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) developed		zhenhe
2000	TALON, a lightweight, unmanned, tracked military robot designed to protect people from explosives.	http://www.army-technology.com/projects/talon-tracked-military-robot/ Visited: 3/23/2018	hdunphy
2000	Apple IPod Digital recorders - Apple's IPod represents the coming of age of digital recording. The IPod become a fashionable thing to have and thus introduced digital recording such as MP3 to the public.
2000	Microsoft releases Windows Me. Designed specifically for media, Windows Me introduced tools for media editing and sharing. It also introduced the system restore.		aquartulli
2000	Microsoft releases Windows 2000 Professional. This OS was designed to replace prior versions of Windows OS in work environments. It had improvements in ease of use, reliability, and internet capabilities. It also simplified hardware installation.
2000	Bluetooth Headset	http://www.bluetooth.com/Pages/History-of-Bluetooth.aspx	akshoop
2000	USB 2.0 released, claimed to be able to transfer data at 480 mbps but bus limitations resulted in data transfer rates of only 280 mbps	https://www.computerhope.com/history/usb.htm	amishra2
2000	First USB flash drives sold by IBM and Trek Technology	https://www.computerhope.com/history/usb.htm	amishra2
2000	Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS), the first of Next-Generation Sequencing technologies was launched by Linux(USA)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3917434/#:~:text=In%202000%2C%20Massively%20Parallel%20Signature,a%20paralleled%20version%20of%20pyrosequencing.	ddaly
2000	Honda debuts its new humanoid robot ASIMO		eosowski
2000	The Predator drone flies over Afghanistan searching for Osama Bin Laden. This Predator drone only had imagery equipment on it and was successful in finding Osama Bin Laden	http://www.popsci.com/watch-brief-history-drone http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-predator-drone-changed-the-character-of-war-3794671/	addresser
2000	AMD introduces a 64-bit architecture backwards compatible with Intel's x86 instruction set, bringing 64-bit processors to the consumer desktop market.	http://developer.amd.com/wordpress/media/2012/10/24593_APM_v2.pdf	ajthompson
2000	Digital wireless users outnumber analog subscribers	http://www.wirelesshistoryfoundation.org/wireless-history-project/wireless-history-timeline
2000	Baidu was created and became a regularly used search engine in China.	Agarwal, M., & Round, D. K. (2011). The emergence of global search engines: Trends in history and competition. Competition Policy International, 7(1), 114-134.	hanguyen
2000	Savage Beast Technologies founded (later called Pandora)		egouveia
2000	GeForce 2 (NV15) Released	Derek Perez, NVIDIA Dominates PC Magazine’s High-Performance Graphics Tests, https://www.nvidia.com/object/IO_20010618_6038.html, 3.18.19	aecuriel
2000	Sony PlayStation 2 was released. The PlayStation 2 is the successor of the first console in PlayStation series and in 2020 is still the best-selling console of all times with more than 155 million units sold. The PlayStation 2 games are based on DVD, which allows bigger game size. The built-in DVD player also allows it to play movies. It is also the first console that is backwards compatible.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2 https://www.wired.com/2007/06/gallery-game-history/ https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2018/12/top-10-best-selling-videogame-consoles-551938	mli2, bplima
2000	First commercial camera phone, Sharp J-SH04 is released in Japan, with a resolution of 0.11mp	https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/camera-phone-history/	bmheavey
2000	The 2000 Arizona Democratic Primary is the first binding, statewide election held online	https://web.archive.org/web/20010625171356/http://www.thestandard.com/article/0%2C1902%2C12859%2C00.html	stgoldman
2000	Online voting was used by Alaskan Republicans during the primary. Before this, e-voting was mostly used for conducting business elections	Horng-Twu Liaw, “A secure electronic voting protocol for general elections,” (ScienceDirect, March 2004), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2004.01.007, (April 1, 2020)	mfrossetti
2000	AMD released the Duron which broke 1 Ghz bus speeds.	https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EMkcZ2UPuu95BAHkGAW1YPhDVI2GfyMJh1pEu-wmjy0/edit?usp=sharing	nmbargman
2000	GTBot botnet attacks, abusing resource allocation in TCP	Bijalwan, Anchit & Solanki, Vijender & Shubhakar Pilli, Emmanuel. (2018). BOTNET FORENSIC: ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND GOOD PRACTICES	twhite
2000	Around the time when features on silicon chips started to become smaller than 90 nm.	Waldrop, M. Mitchel, The chips are down for Moore’s law, (Nature, 2/9/2016), pp.144–147	maferreira
2000-2008	Pentium IV 64 bit processor		dstapply
2000 AD	Mobile phones and more convenient methods of taking photographs	Masoner, Liz, "A Brief History of Photography and the Camera." (The Spruce Crafts. September 5, 2018) https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/brief-history-of-photography-2688527	kcariglia
2000	Alibre released Alibre Design as the first CAD software capable of client – server 3D modeling over the internet.	N.d. , CAD software history (CADAZZ, 2004), https://www.cadazz.com/cad-software-history.htm	kwang8
2000	Ford released Mondeo which has been designed entirely over the internet using its C3P (CAD, CAE, CAM, PDM) platform in about 1/3rd of the time traditionally required.	N.d. , CAD software history (CADAZZ, 2004), https://www.cadazz.com/cad-software-history.htm	kwang8
2000	Dominic Mazzoni and Roger Danneberg release Audacity, an open-source digital audio recording and editing program.	Mia Owens, Listening to the Music (and History) on Audacity and SoundCloud, (Digital History Methods, 27 Mar. 2021), http://www.dighist.org/2021/03/listening-to-the-music-and-history-on-audacity-and-soundcloud/ (01 Apr. 2021)	jsalbert
2000	Stefan Konst publishes his theory for cryptographically secured chains.	Soni, Neha. “Evolution of Blockchain.” Medium.com, 22 July 2020, https://medium.com/@nehasoni1812/evolution-of-blockchain-f243f7509fe6.	drphillips
2000	Samsung releases first ever phone with a built-in camera.	Hill, Simon. “A Complete History of the Camera Phone.” Digital Trends, 11 Aug. 2013, https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/camera-phone-history/.	wrlewis
2000	J-SH04, the first camera phone appeared in Japan	https://blog.textedly.com/smartphone-history-when-were-smartphones-invented#first	hwang15
2001	Motorola stopped producing pagers	https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-pagers-and-beepers-1992315	psjain
2001	Development of the Sony Ericsson T36, the first phone to include Bluetooth. Later revised and released as the T39.	Jeanette Irekvist, Bluetooth: Born in our backyard, raised by the world, (09/26/22), https://www.ericsson.com/en/blog/6/2022/ericsson-bluetooth (03/20/2024)	rnguyen
2001	Data Encryption Standard (DES) is retired from government use. The Rijndael Algorithm becomes the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), replacing DES as the national standard for encryption after being chosen by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.	Patrick Nohe, “What are NIST Encryption Standards?”, (The SSL Store, December 17, 2017), https://www.thesslstore.com/blog/what-are-nist-encryption-standards/ (September 6, 2021). Kumar Jena, Baivab. “What Is AES Encryption and How Does It Work?” Simplilearn Solutions, February 9, 2023. https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/cryptography-tutorial/aes-encryption	ambornstein, edited by esdunne
2001	Apple releases their first ever headphones , with the first ever IPod	https://www.ssense.com/en-us/editorial/culture/a-history-of-headphone-design	alate
2001	After the events of September 11th, CIA creates the Targeted Killing Campaign, allowing them to kill anyone who they believe was involved in the attacks.	http://www.popsci.com/watch-brief-history-drone	addresser
2001	Apple launches OS X.		tjnickerson
2001	Smartphones could connect wirelessly with a 3G network	https://blog.textedly.com/smartphone-history-when-were-smartphones-invented#first	hwang15
2001	The iPod is released, with the potential to hold and play hundreds or thousands of songs.		rpdabrowski
2001	The FDA approves the robotic Cyberknife system to search for and treat tumors anywhere in the body.[eosowski] 2001 Wikipedia is launched		dtocco
2001	The Polaroid Corporation was forced to file for bankruptcy from the increase in popularity of newer products like digital cameras.	Editor, Jordan Anthony( Content. “History of Polaroid - the Cultural Legacy of This Iconic Brand.” Art in Context, 22 Sept. 2023, artincontext.org/history-of-polaroid/.	mwnickerson
2001	Palm Inc. releases the first cell phone with a web browser on it.		mburns23
2001	In one of its first known large scale uses, facial recognition is deployed on the corwd at the superbowl. The undisclosed use is met with heavy back lash.	https://nypost.com/2001/06/26/just-a-face-in-the-crowd-superbowl-kicked-off-the-use-of-face-recognition-software-but-is-this-an-invasion-of-privacy/	sgubrud, mjzeolla
2001	Nissan Cima model introduced in Japan with lane keep assist feature	Matthew Sparkes, Driverless cars: how long until we can sit back and relax, (The Telegraph, 12/4/14) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/11273463/Driverless-cars-how-long-until-we-can-sit-back-and-relax.html (Accessed 4/2/21)	aaadkins, jpoulos
2001	Apple releases Mac OS X: Cheetah. Cheetah reintroduced the terminal and introduced the dock. However, Cheetah suffered from reliability and speed issues and it was missing basic CD capabilities.		aquartulli
2001	Apple releases Mac OS X: Puma. Puma featured improvements in speed. It also addressed the missing CD capabilities that Cheetah had and supported much more hardware.		aquartulli
2001	Nintendo released the Game Boy Advance, the only landscape handheld in the Game Boy family. The console supported backwards compatibility and had a 32-bit processor.	http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/40690/Game-Boy-Advance/	bplima
2001	Microsoft releases Windows XP. Windows XP was designed with a clean interface in mind. It was made for the average user, so it was very intuitive and featured more help and support than any other Windows OS. It also featured large improvements in security, reliability, and speed.		aquartulli
2001	IBM creates the POWER4 processor, the first multicore processor.	http://www.cpushack.com/2011/01/24/ibms-server-processors-the-rs64-and-the-power,	ajthompson
2001	Nintendo GameCube released. Nintendo GameCube is the successor of Nintendo 64. It is the first Nintendo console that uses disk as game media. However, it can’t play DVD or CDs. Nintendo GameCube introduced stereoscopic 3D technology. But because this feature is far ahead of time, there was no TV supporting it and only very few games have this feature enabled.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube	mli2
2001	US patriot act is passed, in which it is easier to track citizens online	https://www.justice.gov/archive/ll/highlights.htm	brobinson
2001	NVDIA GeForce3 Released	TechPowerUp, NVDIA GeForce3, https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/geforce3.c738, 3.18.19	aecuriel
2001	Anna Kournikova worm spreads over email	Love, John. A Brief History of Malware — Its Evolution and Impact (lastline.com, 04/05/2018). https://www.lastline.com/blog/history-of-malware-its-evolution-and-impact/ Accessed 09/08/2020	zjester
2001	Microsoft Xbox released. Xbox is the first in the Xbox series developed by Microsoft. It has more powerful graphics than its components but also bigger in size and weight. It is the first console that has a built in hard disk to store games. Xbox also provides a better online experience with Xbox Live Service than PlayStation2 and GameCube.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console) https://www.wired.com/2007/06/gallery-game-history/	mli2, bplima
2001	Alongside the Xbox, Microsoft in-house developer Bungie releases Halo as a flagship exclusive title for the console to massive success.	https://medium.com/@Oozer3993/the-making-of-halo-how-combat-evolved-from-blam-part-1-f6b58fcc4ade	lcagle
2001	Ableton Live's first release commercially
2001 AD	Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, is launched, providing free information that is collaboratively sourced		prlee
2001	Apple’s iTunes 2 released, allows MP3 CD burning	Apple Announces iTunes 2, (Apple, October 23, 2001) https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/10/23Apple-Announces-iTunes-2/ (11/2/20)	brdesousa
2001	Whirlpool Corperation invented the first vertical axis, high efficiency washing machine	“Evolution of Washing Machines Timeline.” Timetoast, November 15, 1851. https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/evolution-of-washing-machines.	amkwan
2001	First Mobile Phone that used BLuetooth was released	https://www.androidauthority.com/history-bluetooth-explained-846345/	crueda
2001	The messaging standard, SCORM (Sharable Content Object Reference Model) is released as the successor to AAIC HACP	Qu, C., & Nejdl, W. (2003). Towards open standards: The evolution of a collaborative courseware generating system. International Journal of Distance Education Technologies, 1(3), 59 68. doi:https://doi.org/10.4018/jdet.2003070105	elevin
2001	Nvidia releases GeForce 3, the first chip capable of programmable shading, allowing each pixel to be processed with a short program.		amcutler
2001	Larry Page, co-founder of Google, challenged a group at Stanford to summarize a video of the streets of the Bay Area into a few images, leading to the creation “multi-perspective panoramas”	https://graphics.stanford.edu/projects/cityblock/ (Accessed 9/1/2024)	npcyr
2002	The US government bought 72 ARTS, an all purpose remote transport that is used to investigate areas with possible large explosives.	https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/arts.htm Visited: 3/23/2018	hdunphy
2002	“Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers”, pioneered actor driven character animation with Andy Serkis’s motion capture performance as Gollum	Baron, C.(2015). THE MODERN ENTERTAINMENT MARKETPLACE, 2000-present	kofichtner
2002	"Foldable Portable Cellular Phone" - Mobile Phone with Camera introduced		clhudson
2002	Sony releases SmartSkin introducing mutual capacitive touch recognition.		djbenson
2002	US Government tests facial recognition software as part of security for Super Bowl XXXV.	K. W. Bowyer, "Face recognition technology: security versus privacy," in IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, Spring 2004, doi: 10.1109/MTAS.2004.1273467.	cjmclaughlin, mjzeolla
2002	ATI Radeon R300 chip released followed by the 9700 Pro	Anand Lal Shimpi, ATI Radeon 9700 Pro - Delivering as Promised, https://www.anandtech.com/show/970, 3.18.19	aecuriel
2002	Riddell Sports designs a new helmet made specifically to reduce concussions		mhsultan
2002	Apple releases Mac OS X: Jaguar. Cheetah provided many networking capabilities and introduced tools for users with disabilities.		aquartulli
2002	The Bush administration files a bill to create the Department of Homeland Security, which will be responsible for protecting the nation's critical IT infrastructure.	http://www.allgov.com/departments/department-of-homeland-security?detailsDepartmentID=571	ajmokotoff
2002	Poma Wearable PC	Alpert, Mark. Machine Chic: The Poma Wearable Computer is Flashy but Not very Functional. 287 Vol. Scientific American, Inc, 2002.	akshoop
2002	A working 3D kidney	http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1308/147363514X13990346756481	japayano
2002	Sony releases the Walkman NWZ-X1000, its latest play-only cassette Walkm[a]n	http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907884,00.html	wofrick
2002	The "Help America Vote Act of 2002" is signed into law with the goal of replacing punch card and lever voting machines	https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ252/html/PLAW-107publ252.htm	stgoldman
2002	E-Government Act of 2002 improves availability of government-provided information and services for citizens through the internet.	Dudash, S. (2016). The Department of Defense and the Power of Cloud Computing: Weighing Acceptable Cost versus Acceptable Risk (pp. 11-13, Rep.). Air University Press. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep13826.11	acherkinsky
2002	Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 establishes requirements for determining security of cloud data. NIST is the organization which sets security standards.	Dudash, S. (2016). The Department of Defense and the Power of Cloud Computing: Weighing Acceptable Cost versus Acceptable Risk (pp. 11-13, Rep.). Air University Press. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep13826.11	acherkinsky
2002	AWS started providing storage and computation over the internet		agupta9
2002	ATI Radeon 9700, the world's first Direct3D 9.0 accelerator is released, allowing pixel and vertex shaders to implement loops and floating-point math.		amcutler
2002	The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is adopted as the federal standard by the National Institue of Standards and Technology (NIST)	National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)", (National Institute of Standards and Technology, 11/26/2001, Updated 5/9/2023), https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/197/final, (3/22/2024)	abollinger
2002	Google funded a Stanford research project about the multi-perspective panoramas, known as the Stanford CityBlock Project	https://graphics.stanford.edu/projects/cityblock/ (Accessed 9/1/2024)	npcyr
2003	MySpace & 4chan are founded		dtocco
2003	Apple releases Mac OS X: Panther. Panther introduced the ability to have multiple users logged in at once. It also introduced some user friendly features.		aquartulli
2003	Garmin launches the Forerunner, a sports watch that could measure running distance and heart rate.	Wearables in MedTech: Past, Present & Future. (n.d.). Retrieved August 30, 2018, from https://www.itlmedical.com/news/wearables-in-medtech-past-present-future	pappikatla
April 2003	Apple releases the 30-pin dock connector, a mobile charger that would initially be needed for future iPods as well as iPhones once they began their releases in 2007.	https://irq5.io/2012/06/25/the-apple-30-pin-dock-connector/	zsperry
2003	In April, the Human Genome Project was completed. This was the first instance where we were able to read the complete sequence of DNA from a human, as well as map all genes.	https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project	ddaly
2003	First commercial use of quantum encryption		zhenhe
2003	First Pentium 4 by Intel, 55 million transistors		ndemarinis
2003	SQL Slammer worm - slows down the global internet traffic via DOS attack. Spread to roughly 75000 devices in 10 minutes	https://www.zdnet.com/article/sql-slammer-worm-wreaks-havoc-on-internet/ Love, John. A Brief History of Malware — Its Evolution and Impact (lastline.com, 04/05/2018). https://www.lastline.com/blog/history-of-malware-its-evolution-and-impact/ Accessed 09/08/2020	mnurbekova zjester (added more info and second source)
2003	Ruby on Rails invented at Basecamp	https://basecamp.com/about	sbaumgarten
2003	Amazon starts utilizing the internet for storage, and realize that they could provide web-storage as a service.	Maurer, T., & Hinck, G. (2020). Cloud Security: A Primer for Policymakers (pp. 10-22, Rep.). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. doi:10.2307/resrep25787.8	acherkinsky
2003	Toyota begins selling Prius model in Japan that can automatically parallel park.	Toyota Unveils Car That Parks Itself. 2003. http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/ptech/09/01/toyota.prius.reut/index.html.	aaadkins
2003	Digital Pacemaker	CLARKE, HELEN. "PACEMAKER GOES DIGITAL ; Braodgreen Pioneers CD Surgery: FIRST Edition." Liverpool Echo: 9. 2003.	akshoop
2003	The completion of the human genome project	Greenhalgh, Trisha. "The Human Genome Project." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 98.12 (2005). Web.	xjjackson
2003	The hacktivist group Anonymous was formed.	http://www.bustle.com/articles/65444-how-did-anonymous-start-the-history-of-the-mysterious-hacktivist-group-began-quite-some-time-ago	ajmokotoff
2003	802.11g released	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11	hfang
2003	The Pirate Bay came online.	Butland, Nicholas C., and Sullivan, Justin J. “Pirate Tales from the Deep (Web): An Exploration of Online Copyright Infringement in the Digital Age.” UMass Law Review 13.1 (2018): n. pag. Print.	osanderson
2003	AMD released their first single core processor.	https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EMkcZ2UPuu95BAHkGAW1YPhDVI2GfyMJh1pEu-wmjy0/edit?usp=sharing	nmbargman
2003	AMD releases Opteron line of processors, first desktop processors to support the x86_64 instruction set.	https://www.vision-systems.com/home/article/16742885/amd-unveils-its-opteron-64bit-processor	arobinson3
2003	Tesla Founded with one of their missions to create driverless cars	www.tesla.com/about	cctulig
2003	Factcheck.org is founded as one of the first major post-print fact checking organizations	Kessler, G. (2018, August 15). The global boom in political fact checking. Retrieved April 02, 2021, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2014/06/13/the-global-boom-in-fact-checking/	aebolduc
2003	LCD’s outnumbered CRT’s in sales	Kristyn Maslog-Levis, LCDs outsell CRTs in Q4 2003 (zdnet ,2004) https://www.zdnet.com/article/lcds-outsell-crts-in-q4-2003/ (9/3/2023)	rkoffstein
2003	Tableau is invented as a computer science project at Stanford. Later acquired by Salesforce, Tableau allows for visualization and understandings of complex data, assisting in analysis and decision-making.	https://symbio6.nl/en/blog/history-of-automated-decision-making#:~:text=In%20the%201970s%20and%201980s,'if%2Dthen'%20rules. Visited: 9/3/2024	tnhellgren
2004	Spok had 6.6 million pagers in use	https://www.wsj.com/articles/still-use-pagers-to-avoid-technology-burnout-1296d6e0	psjain
2004	Bluetooth 2.0 is released with an increased transfer speed up to 3Mbps	Syed Rafid Kabir, Who Invented Bluetooth? Story of the Bit Bouncer, (History Cooperative, 02/26/2024), https://historycooperative.org/who-invented-bluetooth/ (3/31/2024)	rnguyen
2004	Wireless fencing scoring equipment created	https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/fencing-equipment6.htm	ggsmith
2004	Volvo announces the first Blind Spot Information System (abbreviated "BLIS") for passenger cars.	No Author, 2005 Volvo S60/V70/XC70 - New Safety Functions Including a Passenger-Car World's First: Blind Spot Information System, (Volvo Car USA, 6/15/2004) , https://www.media.volvocars.com/us/en-us/media/pressreleases/2042 (Accessed 4/2/21)	jpoulos
2004	Facebook is Founded		eapolekoff
2004	RepRap movement started by Adrian Bowyer. This was the start of the open source 3D printing craze.	https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/history-of-3d-printing-milestones/	wgbahm
2004	The Spirit and Opportunity robotic rovers land on Mars		eosowski
2004	IBM's creation "Embedded ViaVoice" and according to IBM, Honda is the first car manufacturer to equip automobiles with in-car navigation systems using advanced speech recognition and text-to-speech capabilities that can identify spoken street and city names that exist across the entire continental United States.	Jesberg, Gina. "IBM Delivers New, World-Class In-Car Speech Recognition System for Navigation in 2005 Honda Cars." IBM News Room. IBM, 1 Sept. 2004. Web. 04 Sept. 2015.	leantul
2004	Yahoo created its own search engine based on companies that it had previously acquired, such as Inktomi and Overture.	Seymour, T., Frantsvog, D., & Kumar, S. (2011). History of search engines. International Journal of Management and Information Systems, 15(4), 47.	hanguyen
2004	Cabir - the first known virus on mobile phones	https://threatpost.com/ten-years-later-cabir-worms-place-in-history-is-unique/106679/ Love, John. A Brief History of Malware — Its Evolution and Impact (lastline.com, 04/05/2018). https://www.lastline.com/blog/history-of-malware-its-evolution-and-impact/ Accessed 09/08/2020	mnurbekova zjester (added more info and second source)
2004	Hanson Robotics recreated PKD android (first android to utilize face perception, speech recognition, and intelligent conversation)		akan
2004	Twitter is launched	https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/twitter-launches	ddaly
2004	First public release of Google.	Google, From the garage to the Googleplex, https://about.google/intl/en_us/our-story/	agmavrotheris
2004	Google Suggest, the earliest iteration of Google's the predictive search feature, is first suggested as an experimental feature	https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2004/12/ive-got-suggestion.html	jethomas
2004	Nintendo releases its first touchscreen console, the Nintendo DS and it was offered in a variety of colors. It utilized game cards and had a built-in microphone, two LCD screens, and supported online gaming.	Jeremy Parish, The DS saved Nintendo while destroying handheld gaming as we knew it (Polygon, 2018), https://www.polygon.com/2018/10/22/18000592/nintendo-ds-mobile-casual-gaming (Accessed 9/6/2020) http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/4596/Nintendo-DS/	resallie, bplima
2004	Microsoft introduces the first SPOT smartwatch which has personalized gadgets and a monochrome pixel screen. The SPOT allowed users to receive emails and messages, but didn't have the ability to send emails/messages.	https://www.engadget.com/2008-04-23-spot-watches-r-i-p-2004-2008.html	ramcgovern, jcpatel
2004	ID Quantique makes the first commercial quantum cryptography/key distribution system available.	“IDQ Celebrates 15 Years of Innovation.” ID Quantique, 30 Nov. 2016, www.idquantique.com/idq-celebrates-15-years-innovation/.	rcsawka
2004	Vocaloid 1, a vocal concatenative synthesizing software is released in Japan. It allows a computer to synthesize singing using collected human vocal samples in a voice bank.	Max McAllister, Vocaloid: Virtual Singers in Your DAW, (Produce Like a Pro, 16 Dec. 2020), https://producelikeapro.com/blog/vocaloid/ (01 Apr. 2021)	jsalbert
2004	Bluetooth Technology was being shipped at 1 million devices a week	https://www.invent.org/inductees/jaap-c-haartsen#:~:text=In%201994%2C%20he%20laid%20the,seemingly%20endless%20array%20of%20devices.	crueda
2004	WoW is released, and would become one of the most popular MMOS of all time.	(HeadphonesAddict, Aug 15, 20203), https://headphonesaddict.com/world-of-warcraft-player-count/ (September 9, 2023)	cmfrench
2004	Galurung chess engine released developed by Tord Romstad	https://www.chessprogramming.org/Glaurung Accessed 08/30/2023	abeck
2005	A modernized GPS satellite developed by Lockheed Martin was put into orbit around the Earth		gmport
2005	In the second DARPA Grand Challenge 5 teams complete the off-road robotics course.		eosowski
2005	YouTube is launched, hosting all kinds of music. The list includes official music videos, pirated music and homemade tunes.
2005	Discovery of CTE leads to public exposure of untreated concussions and shortcomings of NFL		mhsultan
2005	Apple releases Mac OS X: Tiger. Tiger introduced more built in tools, such as a thesaurus and dictionary. It also provided voice capabilities for users with disabilities.		aquartulli
2005	Apple switches to Intel x86-64 from PowerPC	Maurice Jamieson, The Evolution of RISC Architecture, (EEPC University of Edinburgh, 11 April 2023), https://www.epcc.ed.ac.uk/whats-happening/articles/evolution-risc-architecture (31 August 2023)	ehughsbaird
2005	Linus Torvalds creates Git, an open-source distributed version control system (DVCS), giving developers a free software management platform	Chacon, Scott & Straub, Ben. “Pro Git.” (Apress 2009), https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-A-Short-History-of-Git (6 September 2020)	omthode
2005	EyeOS, a virtual Operating, System is launched.	Arutyunov, V V. “Cloud Computing: Its History of Development, Modern State, and Future Considerations.” Scientific and technical information processing 39.3 (2012): 173–178. Web.	acherkinsky
2005	Revolutionizing the current DNA sequencing 454 GS 20 Roche sequencing platform was introduced with the ability to produce 20 mllion bases	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3917434/#:~:text=In%202000%2C%20Massively%20Parallel%20Signature,a%20paralleled%20version%20of%20pyrosequencing.	ddaly
2005	Samsung introduces the SCH-B600, the first camera phone to pass 10mp, in Korea	https://www.digitaltrends.com/web/samsung-launches-first-10mp-camera-phone/	bmheavey
2005	Canon introduces the 12.8mp 5d, the first DSLR to have a standard body type, roughly equal in size and shape to professional film cameras	http://www.the-digital-picture.com/Reviews/Canon-EOS-5D-DSLR-Digital-Camera-Review.aspx	bmheavey
2005	The specifications for the microSD memory card are finalized, measuring just 11mm x 15mm x 1mm.	New microSD Memory Card, (Phys.org, 16 March 2005), https://phys.org/news/2005-03-microsd-memory-card-world.html, Accessed 5 September 2023.	hzgandor
2005	Open-source collaboration with 3D printing was started via the RepRap Project.	http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1308/147363514X13990346756481 , http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S026357471000069X. doi: 10.1017/S026357471000069X	japayano, ncmorgan
2005	Blue Brain is born, a project to simulate the brain at molecular detail.	http://bluebrain.epfl.ch/	allewis
2005	Wacom released a Cintiq tablet that raised the benchmarks for digital drawing.		wtao
2005	Eben Upton, then Director of studies in Computer Science at St. John's College, Cambridge, noticed a drop in talent and number of computer engineering majors	Severance, C. (2013). Eben upton: Raspberry pi. Computer, 46(10), 14-16.	yychow
2005	Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) announced the first guidance, Authentication in an Internet Banking Environment, to enforce institutions that offer online banking to build strong security system.	“Payment Security - Online Banking: FFIEC guidelines spur gold rush,” Electronic Payments International, No. 14, 2006. http://ezproxy.wpi.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/ trade-journals/payment-security-online-banking-ffiec-guidelines/docview/199263914/se-2?acc ountid=29120	czhang10
2005	Microsoft Xbox 360 released and was the first console to launch with wireless controllers. As the successor of Microsoft Xbox, it is the first console released in the seventh generation. The performance of the console is greatly enhanced comparing to the Xbox. An online store is introduced where user can purchase games and software. Microsoft also includes YouTube, Twitter and Facebook in Xbox 360, which makes it more than just a gaming console. Latter, in 2010, Kinect, used for motion control, is released. The SDK for Kinect is also released in 2011, allowing developers to develop interesting applications for it.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360 https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games https://www.wired.com/2007/06/gallery-game-history/	mli2, bplima
2005	Estonia begins allowing citizens to vote online	https://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2017/06/07/how-estonias-e-voting-system-could-be-the-future/	stgoldman
2005	Youtube was launched	http://whois.domaintools.com/youtube.com	mazyla
2005	AMD released their first dual core processor.	https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EMkcZ2UPuu95BAHkGAW1YPhDVI2GfyMJh1pEu-wmjy0/edit?usp=sharing	nmbargman
2005	DARPA Grand Challenge	www.businessinsider.com/google-driverless-car-history-photos-2016-10	cctulig
2005	Google Maps announced	https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2005/02/mapping-your-way.html	knguyen2
2005	Reddit is launched	Pardes, Arielle. “The inside Story of Reddit's Redesign.” Wired, Conde Nast, 2 Apr. 2018, www.wired.com/story/reddit-redesign/.	eobaker
2005	U.S. Missile Defense Agency halts all missile defense tests and programs due to three consecutive missile launch failures.	http://ezproxy.wpi.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/wire-feeds/missile-defense-tests-will-resume-fall/docview/463406610/se-2 (last retrieved March 19, 2023).	kjlopez
2005	U.S. Missile Defense Agency’s independent review panel finds six technical issues in their missile defense program’s software preventing test missiles from launching and identifying balloon decoys.	http://ezproxy.wpi.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/wire-feeds/missile-defense-tests-will-resume-fall/docview/463406610/se-2 (last retrieved March 19, 2023).	kjlopez
2005	Video game emulators gain official use as Nintendo announces the ability to play old NES, SNES, and N64 titles on the Wii through the Nintendo Virtual Console.	Thebeau, Jake. “The History of Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) Emulation.” History Computer, 28 July 2023, https://history-computer.com/the-history-of-nintendo-entertainment-system-nes-emulation/. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023.	nkwong
2006	Amazon launched Elastic Compute Cloud Commercial Service open for Everybody to use – kickstarting the era of offloading computation to the cloud.		agupta9
2006	Microsoft releases Windows Vista. Vista focused more on security than any prior Windows OS. It also featured a new sleek look.		aquartulli
2006	Leigh Hochberg implants a brain-computer interface into a tetraplegic patient, granting control over computer cursor and electronic device operation.	https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04970	jhsu
2006	Nike+: Nike + iPod creates a better running experience.	https://news.nike.com/news/nike-and-apple-launch-nike-ipod-sport-kit	pmahurkar
2006	Amazon Web Services and Simple Storage “clouds” are launched.	Maurer, T., & Hinck, G. (2020). Cloud Security: A Primer for Policymakers (pp. 10-22, Rep.). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. doi:10.2307/resrep25787.8	acherkinsky
2006	SLS leads to mass customizationf in manufacturing	http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1308/147363514X13990346756481	japayano
2006	Hinton summarizes ideas of multilayer neural networks and training them to generate sensory data rather than to classify it		mmohapatra
2006	Deep Boltzmann Machines Salakhutdinov and Hinton		mmohapatra
2006	AMD acquires ATI	Andrew Ross Sorkin, A.M.D. to Acquire ATI Technologies, https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/24/technology/24cnd-semi.html, 3.18.19	aecuriel
2006	Lexus adds self-parking system capable of parallel and angle parking to Lexus LS sedan.	The Lexus LS460: It Really Does Park Itself. 2006. https://www.cars.com/articles/2006/09/ls_460_parking/	aaadkins
2006	Cornell University reveals its "Starfish" robot which is capable of self-modeling and learning how to walk after being damaged.		eosowski
2006	Albert Gonzalez stole over 45 million payment cards used by customers of US retailer TJX, which owns TJ Maxx, and UK outlet TK Maxx. Attacks on this scale were unheard of and frightened the entire world. IT costed the company $256 million. What caused companies to start buying secure security system to cope with this new reality.	http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/opinions/the-history-of-cybersecurity/	ajmokotoff
2006	Nike + iPod introduced a fitness tracking kit via a sensor imbedded in shoes	Peters, Luke. "Nike + iPod Sport Kit." Personal Computer World 21 Sept. 2006. General OneFile. Web. 4 Sept. 2015.	akshoop
2006	Guruji was created specifically to provide India with a search engine.	Agarwal, M., & Round, D. K. (2011). The emergence of global search engines: Trends in history and competition. Competition Policy International, 7(1), 114-134.	hanguyen
2006	During a TED Talk Jeff Han demos multitouch sensing though frustrated total internal reflection. This was a technique originally used for imaging finger prints.		djbenson
2006	Upton started working at a company called Broadcom; in his free time, he worked towards developing the idea of low-cost computers.	Severance, C. (2013). Eben upton: Raspberry pi. Computer, 46(10), 14-16.	yychow
2006	12-Qubits are reached for quantum computing	https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/05/060508164700.htm	hfloreshuerta
2006	RSA Security releases RSA encryption algorithm into public domain prior to their patent expiration.	Chidi, George. “RSA Releases Computer Security Patent.” CNN, 7 Sept. 2000, www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/09/07/security.patent.release.idg/index.html.	rcsawka
2006	Sony PlayStation 3 released. PlayStation 3, being the successor of Sony PlayStation 2, is the most powerful console at that time. The console offered an online gaming platform as well and sold different options with different amounts of storage. It also supports Blu-Ray video. PlayStation Move is later released in 2010. But it is not as successful as the Wii or the Kinect.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3 https://www.wired.com/2007/06/gallery-game-history/	mli2, bplima
2006	Nvidia Geforce 8800 GTX released along with the Unified Architecture for shaders	Ryan Shrout, NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GTX Review - DX10 and Unified Architecture, https://www.pcper.com/reviews/Graphics-Cards/NVIDIA-GeForce-8800-GTX-Review-DX10-and-Unified-Architecture?aid=319&type=expert&pid=5, 3.18.19	aecuriel
2006	Google Translate is released	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate	mjgulbin
2006	Nintendo Wii released. Nintendo Wii, successor of GameCube, introduces infrared-camera and accelerometer on its Wii Remote Controller, which can detect the controller’s movement in 3D space. This creative feature makes Wii the fast selling console at that time. The console’s active play-style through the use of motion-controls helps it reach a wider audience	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii, history.com Editors, Video Game History (A&E Television Networks, 2019), https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games (Accessed 9/6/2020)	mli2, resallie (modified)
2006	Release of Dwarf Fortress, a game that inspired dozens of other games and appears to be Turing-complete		crmyers
2006	The PITCHf/x system is first used in the 2006 MLB postseason. It was able to measure the trajectory, speed, spin, break, and location of a pitched ball.	http://baseball.physics.illinois.edu/FastPFXGuide.pdf	gmmontana
2006	Amazon created subsidiary Amazon Web Services and introduced its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)	https://aws.amazon.com/cn/about-aws/whats-new/2006/08/24/announcing-amazon-elastic-compute-cloud-amazon-ec2---beta/	huang2
2006	A patient with a spinal cord injury lost the ability to move limbs. With the use of a "96-microelectrode array implanted in primary motor cortex", the patient was able to perform simple tasks like opening and closing a prosthetic hand. The researchers were also able to enable the patient to control a computer mouse and operate a television.	Leigh R. Hochberg; Mijail D. Serruya; Friehs; Mukand; Saleh; Caplan; Branner; Chen; Penn; Donoghue (13 July 2006). Gerhard M. Friehs, Jon A. Mukand, Maryam Saleh, Abraham H. Caplan, Almut Branner, David Chen, Richard D. Penn and John P. Donoghue. "Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia". Nature. 442 (7099): 164–171. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..164H. doi:10.1038/nature04970	ajlee
2006	Spotify founded by Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon	Gaël Branchereau, The story of Spotify: Sweden’s controversial king of music streaming, (The Local, March 2, 2018) https://www.thelocal.se/20180302/the-story-of-spotify-swedens-controversial-king-of-music-streaming (11/2/20)	brdesousa
2006	NVIDIA Reveals CUDA Architecture	Nancy Owano (Phys.org January 28, 2012) https://phys.org/news/2012-01-nvidia-cuda-parallel-platform.html (4/1/21)	awhitney
2006	25 million views a day on youtube	https://www.britannica.com/topic/YouTube	amkwan
2006	The Netflix Prize competition to create a recommendation system is started	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix_Prize	armorrison
2006	Stanford project ended, and technology transferred to Google	https://graphics.stanford.edu/projects/cityblock/ (Accessed 9/1/2024)	npcyr
January 4, 2007	USB Micro was announced by the USB Implementers Form; it would end up being used by a variety of different phone brands (such as Android) as a mobile phone charger.	https://gct.co/usb-connector/usb-history-timeline	zsperry
2007	The Amazon Kindle is released as the first E-reader.	https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/jan/03/ebooks.technology	jaturcotte
2007	Pedometers begin changing from pendulum based counters to accelerometer based counters	Scarlett, J. (2007). Enhancing the performance of pedometers using a single accelerometer. Application Note, Analog Devices.	tjaskoviak
2007	Sun makes the bulk of Java open-sourced	Martens, China. "The Bulk of Java is Open Sourced " GrnLight. Web. 2 April. 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220942/http:/grnlight.net/index.php/programming-articles/115-javaone-sun-the-bulk-of-java-is-open-sourced	emhess
2007	WPI becomes the first college to offer a BS in Robotics Engineering		eosowski
2007	Nvidia releases Cuda GPU technology.	computerhistory.org/timeline/graphics-games	sdnorton
2007	LG announces the LG Prada, the first phone with a large capacitive touchscreen	Stephen Temple, "Vintage Mobiles: LG Prada - First mobile with a capacitive touchscreen". http://www.gsmhistory.com/vintage-mobiles/#prada	bnklaiman
2007	Apple Releases iPhone		clhudson
2007	The iPhone is released, featuring the a multi-touch software keyboard Modification: It lacked quite a few features that other smartphones had.	close.html (Accessed April 2, 2020) https://scrcxp.pdhi.com/Member/Home/Program/dff205f8-bf43-4de8-a29a-233a9023c0a8 History.com Editors, Steve Jobs debuts the iPhone, (A&E Television Networks, 2020), https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/steve-jobs-debuts-the-iphone accessed on 4/5/2021 Mossberg, Walter S., and Katherine Boehret. “Testing Out the IPhone.” Wall Street Journal, 28 June 2007, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118289311361649057.	jbbrown, bnklaiman, bstaw, wrlewis
2007	Facebook Launches 'Beacon' Service		eapolekoff
2007	Microsoft debuts the Surface which was a large table top touchscreen interface, as well as the first iPhone is released.		djbenson
2007	Chinook checkers program becomes unbeatable at checkers		cpnota
2007	Six vehicles complete DARPA Urban Challenge in which they navigate through a 60 mile urban driving course while obeying traffic laws and navigating with other autonomous and human-driven vehicles.	Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers. Rand Corporation, 2014. Pg. 57	aaadkins
2007	Toshiba unveils NAND flash memory using chip stacking technology	https://phys.org/news/2007-06-toshiba-nand-technology.html	essmith
2007	Apple releases Mac OS X: Leopard. Leopard introduced remote access capabilities. It also introduced parental controls as well as the equivalent of a system restore called time machine.		aquartulli
2007	Apple's release of iOS popularizes touch screen computing and the mobile GUI.		tjnickerson
2007	A spear phishing incident at the Office of the Secretary of Defense steals sensitive U.S. defense information, leading to significant changes in identity and message-source verification at OSD.	http://en.docsity.com/news/algorithms/origins-of-hacking-heartbleed	ajmokotoff
2007	United Nations website hacked by Turkish Hacker Kerema125.	http://www.digitaltrends.com/home/hackers-hit-un-site/	ajmokotoff
2007	Stanford Research Institute, or SRI, developed Siri as part of a large DARPA project known as the Personal Assistant that Learns (PAL) project.	"Artificial Intelligence: CALO." SRI International - Timeline of Innovation. SRI International, n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2015.	leantul
2007	Protect America Act passed. Allows US government to intercept information travelling through nodes on US soil.	G. A. Sinha, "NSA surveillance since 9/11 and the human right to privacy," Loyola Law Review, 2013.	mttaylor
2007	The Fitbit is released, a wearable tracker attached to a belt or clipped onto clothing		nbeeten
2007	Netflix expands its business to streaming video		egouveia
2007	Netflix started streaming videos through its website	http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/16/technology/16netflix.html	mazyla
2007	Announcement of Ableton's collaboration with Cycling ’74, producers of Max/MSP
2007	Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor capable of 2.4 Ghz speeds.	https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EMkcZ2UPuu95BAHkGAW1YPhDVI2GfyMJh1pEu-wmjy0/edit?usp=sharing	nmbargman
2007	Announcement of Scratch, a programming language for kids.	https://en.scratch-wiki.info/wiki/Scratch	sli11
2007	Google launches free online language translation, utilizing a system solely based on statistical translation methods.	Greengard, Samuel, “Life, Translated,” Communications of the ACM, Vol. 54, No. 8 (Association for Computing Machinery, Aug. 2011), p19-21.	kmpicho
2007	Sony designed the first commercial OLED TV	Everything a TV should be: Sony XEL-1 OLED Television.(BEST OF WHAT’S NEW 2008: HOME ENTERTAINMENT). (2008). Popular Science (New York, N.Y.), 273(6), 33–.	mchalmers
2007	Sanyo introduced the first drum type washing machine with "air wash", reducing the amount of water needed	“Evolution of Washing Machines Timeline.” Timetoast, November 15, 1851. https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/evolution-of-washing-machines.	amkwan
2007	IBM creates an open domain Q/A system named Watson. In 2011, Watson won Jeopardy and, in 2017, neurologists use it to identify RNA-binding proteins altered in ALS.	Cedars-Sinai Staff, AI's Ascendance in Medicine: A Timeline, (Cedars-Sinai, Apr 20, 2023) https://www.cedars-sinai.org/discoveries/ai-ascendance-in-medicine.html, (Mar 17 2024)	ekli
2007	Steve Jobs and the team at Macworld revealed the first iPhone	https://simpletexting.com/where-have-we-come-since-the-first-smartphone/	hwang15
2007	Nvidia's CUDA platform, the earliest widely adopted programming model for GPU computing, was first introduced.		amcutler
2007	Google Street View was released to the public	feature/. Accessed 31 Aug. 2024.	epfoley2
2008	HTC Dream releases with Android OS, which, unlike Apple's iOS, is not restricted to any one manufacturer	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone#Form_factor_and_operating_system_shifts	bnklaiman
2008	Beats by Dre is released	https://www.ssense.com/en-us/editorial/culture/a-history-of-headphone-design	alate
2008	Fitbit Classic: First Fitbit Product to keep track of calories, steps, etc.		pmahurkar
2008	Around 20 Chinese hackers claim to have gained access to the world's most sensitive sites, including the Pentagon.	http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/03/07/china.hackers/	ajmokotoff, abeck
2008	DIY CO-creatin Servicen Lauches	http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1308/147363514X13990346756481	japayano
2008	The Roomba robotic vacuum surpasses 2.5 million units sold		eosowski
2008	1B-transistor GPU (GTX 200 Tesla)		blammeson
2008	Shapeways launched allowing people to design their own parts or print parts designed by others on demand	https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/history-of-3d-printing-milestones/	wgbahm
2008	Nvidia launches 3D Vision	techspot.com/article/650-history-of-the-gpu/	sdnorton
2008	First i7 processor		blammeson
2008	Apple captures 48% of the MP3 player market; SanDisk's Sansa, in second place, has only 8%	http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/03/from-walkman-to-ipod-what-music-tech-teaches-us-about-innovation/253158/	wofrick
2008-2015	Intel Core Series		dstapply
2008	Intel Atom, ultra-low voltage x86 processor using only 2W of power, compared to ~80W for a standard desktop CPU
2008	Koobface virus - one of the first PC viruses spread over social networks	https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/definitions/what-is-the-koobface-virus Love, John. A Brief History of Malware — Its Evolution and Impact (lastline.com, 04/05/2018). https://www.lastline.com/blog/history-of-malware-its-evolution-and-impact/ Accessed 09/08/2020	mnurbekova zjester (edited for clarity and added second source)
2008	IDE (Intelligent Domotic Enviroment) conecpt is defined	Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Automatica ed Informatica, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy	dberardi
2008	“The Impossible Project” was created to revive the Polaroid camera by photographers, with new Polaroid cameras with bluetooth and computing connectivity built in instead of being fully manual.	“The Story behind the Polaroid I-2 Instant Camera.” Polaroid Newsroom, Polaroid, 7 Sept. 2023, press.polaroid.com/229329-the-story-behind-the-polaroid-i-2-instant-camera.	mwnickerson
2008	Swype keyboard is shown for the first time, which allowed users to swipe their finger over letters to form words.	https://www.engadget.com/2008/09/11/swype-finger-tracing-text-entry-seems-fast-hypnotic-and-magica/ (Accessed March 22, 2018)	jbbrown
2008	Hulu, a major Netflix competitor was launched	https://www.hulu.com/press/about/	mazyla
2008	BASE consistency model used as an alternative to ACID for NoSQL	Keith D. Foote, A Brief History of Non-Relational Databases Retrieved August 29th 2019 from https://www.dataversity.net/a-brief-history-of-non-relational-databases/	bjaubuchon
2008	Github, a Git hosting website, is launched, allowing broader access Git’s features	Wanstrath, Chris. “We Launched.” (Github, Inc., 2008), https://github.blog/2008-04-10-we-launched/ (6 September 2020)	omthode
2008	Fitbit Classic is released as a fitness tracker to measure steps taken, calories burned, distance,and sleep.	https://blog.blinq.com/tech-tips/compare-fitbit-models-best-fitbit-model/	ppatel2
2008	USB 3.0 released with data transfer rate of 5 gbps	https://www.computerhope.com/history/usb.htm	amishra2
2008	The head of Google, Eric Schmidt defines the term “cloud” for the first time in Internet conferences.	Arutyunov, V V. “Cloud Computing: Its History of Development, Modern State, and Future Considerations.” Scientific and technical information processing 39.3 (2012): 173–178. Web.	acherkinsky
2008	Google App Engine is launched, becoming the first major competitor to Amazon’s cloud.	Maurer, T., & Hinck, G. (2020). Cloud Security: A Primer for Policymakers (pp. 10-22, Rep.). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. doi:10.2307/resrep25787.8	acherkinsky
2008	First 3D printed prosthetic leg created	https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/history-of-3d-printing-milestones/	wgbahm
2008	Thingiverse launched as a hub for people to share their designs for others to print	http://www.avplastics.co.uk/3d-printing-history	wgbahm
2008	HP, Intel, Yahoo! Establish a computing lab opened globally: Cloud Computing Test Bed.	Arutyunov, V V. “Cloud Computing: Its History of Development, Modern State, and Future Considerations.” Scientific and technical information processing 39.3 (2012): 173–178. Web.	acherkinsky
2008	Developer(s) under the alias Satoshi Nakamoto publish papers describing Bitcoin.	Soni, Neha. “Evolution of Blockchain.” Medium.com, 22 July 2020, https://medium.com/@nehasoni1812/evolution-of-blockchain-f243f7509fe6.	drphillips
2009	Bluetooth 3.0 introduced incorporating higher speed data transfer up to 24Mbps	Syed Rafid Kabir, Who Invented Bluetooth? Story of the Bit Bouncer, (History Cooperative, 02/26/2024), https://historycooperative.org/who-invented-bluetooth/ (3/31/2024)	rnguyen
2009	Makerbot launches an FDM kit printer. This was the first truly accessible printer for hobbyists	http://www.avplastics.co.uk/3d-printing-history	wgbahm
2008	Apple opens the App Store on the iPhone, opening up the way to mobile gaming.	Mark Cutmore, History of the Handheld Games Console (Science Museum, 2019), https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/history-of-the-handheld-games-console/ (Accessed 9/7/2020)	resallie
2008	Automatic Emergency breaking is introduced as standard for the Volvo XC60.	Zahra Sari et. al, AEB Performance in the UK; A Decade of Development, (Thatcham Research ,6/7/17), https://trid.trb.org/view/1483883 and https://www-esv.nhtsa.dot.gov/Proceedings/25/25ESV-000290.pdf (Accessed 4/2/21)	jpoulos
2008	Google Suggest, the earliest iteration of Google's predictive search, was added to the homepage	2008 blog by SearchEnglineLand, a blog dedicated to search optimization - https://searchengineland.com/googlecom-finally-gets-google-suggest-feature-14626	jethomas
2008	University of Leeds invented a washing machine that uses only one cup of water	“Evolution of Washing Machines Timeline.” Timetoast, November 15, 1851. https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/evolution-of-washing-machines.	amkwan
2008	Google App Engine is launched, becoming the first major competitor to Amazon’s cloud.	Maurer, T., & Hinck, G. (2020). Cloud Security: A Primer for Policymakers (pp. 10-22, Rep.). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. doi:10.2307/resrep25787.8	acherkinsky
2008	Facebook launched on IOS	https://www.businessofapps.com/data/facebook-statistics/	amkwan
2008	The Wireless Power Consortium adopted the Qi standard which standardizes how devices can charge inductively	GLOBAL QI STANDARD POWERS UP WIRELESS CHARGING, (Electro Manufacturing, Vol. 23, Iss. 10, 10/01/2010) https://www.proquest.com/docview/755113539 (09/04/2023)	akzhang
2008	Marco Costalba modified the Galurung engine and created the most widely used chess engine as of 2023, Stockfish	https://stockfishchess.org/about/ Accessed 08/30/2023	abeck
2008	Google announced they were testing an algorithm that blurred faces captured on Street View	https://www.cnet.com/culture/google-begins-blurring-faces-in-street-view/ (Accessed 8/29/2024)	npcyr
2008	72nd first service outside of the US added to Google Street View (Tour De France)	street-view/. Accessed 2 Sept. 2024.	epfoley2
2008	The iconic pegman is introduced, linking satellite imagery to Street View	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View (Accessed 9/1/2024)	npcyr
2009	Facebook Shuts Down 'Beacon' Service		eapolekoff
2009	Pinellas County Sherriff’s Office created a forensic database in 2009. It allowed officials to access the photo archines of the state’s Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles.	https://www.tbnweekly.com/pinellas_county/article_0069da0a-33b3-5feb-ab8e-65c148d8b48a.html	mjzeolla
2009	The Zoll Lifevest a body-worn device with a built-in defribrillator that monitors heart rhythm and can predict cardiac arrest.	Wearables in MedTech: Past, Present & Future. (n.d.). Retrieved August 30, 2018, from https://www.itlmedical.com/news/wearables-in-medtech-past-present-future	pappikatla
2009	Bitcoin, the first decentralized cryptocurrency, is created.	https://bitcoin.org/en/faq	snkim
2009	Google Self Driving-Car Project, Waymo	https://www.waymo.com/journey/	chnguyen, cctulig
2009	IBM establishes a private cloud.	Maurer, T., & Hinck, G. (2020). Cloud Security: A Primer for Policymakers (pp. 10-22, Rep.). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. doi:10.2307/resrep25787.8	acherkinsky
2009	Google Suggestis given an upgrade	2009 blog Google detailing the changes made after the launch of Google Suggest - https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/05/faster-is-better-on-google-suggest.html	jethomas
2009	Release of Imagenet, a massive computer vision dataset	https://www.ibm.com/topics/computer-vision	jacurtis2
2009	Apple releases Mac OS X: Snow Leopard. Snow Leopard addressed issues with compatibility, OS size, and speed.		aquartulli
2009	Microsoft releases Windows 7. 7 featured different ways to work with the windows themselves, which made it even easier to use.		aquartulli
2009	W200 Wrist Computer	http://www.glaciercomputer.com/press-w200.html	akshoop
2009	802.11n released	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11	hfang
2009	Google builds self-driving car.	http://www.popsci.com/cars/article/2013-09/google-self-driving-car	allewis
2009	The first Fitbit is released, soon to be one of the most popular pedometer/activity trackers		tjaskoviak
2009	IBM published their first white paper on cloud computing		snkim
2009	Bing, which was previously known as Live Search, Windows Live Search and MSN Search, was created. It allowed specifically for the user to search and search suggestions would also appear.	Seymour, T., Frantsvog, D., & Kumar, S. (2011). History of search engines. International Journal of Management and Information Systems, 15(4), 47.	hanguyen
2009	DIY kits for 3D printers Enter the Marketplace	http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1308/147363514X13990346756481	japayano
2009	Pinellas Couty Sherriff's Offices creates a database allowing pictures of suspects to be checked aganst "photo archives of the state's Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles"	https://www.facefirst.com/blog/brief-history-of-face-recognition-software/	sgubrud
2009	The patent for FDM printing expires	https://patents.google.com/patent/US5121329A/en	ncmorgan
2009	Non-profit Raspberry Pi Foundation founded by Eben Upton and colleagues	Severance, C. (2013). Eben upton: Raspberry pi. Computer, 46(10), 14-16.	yychow
2009	Satoshi Nakamoto releases Bitcoin whitepaper	https://101blockchains.com/history-of-blockchain-timeline/#prettyPhoto/0/	ieroshenko
2009	Hewlett-Packard is given the IEEE Milestone in Electrical and Engineering and Computing award for the accomplishments of the HP-35.	http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/the_hp-35_calculator.html	pbcoady
2009	Ableton's “Max for Live” announced
2009	AMD released the first processor to break 3 GHz commercially.	https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EMkcZ2UPuu95BAHkGAW1YPhDVI2GfyMJh1pEu-wmjy0/edit?usp=sharing	nmbargman
2009	Zues botnet discovered, having already infected 3.6 million devices	https://www.networkworld.com/article/2260410/america-s-10-most-wanted-botnets.html	twhite
2009	The Zoll Lifevest a body-worn device with a built-in defribrillator that monitors heart rhythm and can predict cardiac arrest.	Wearables in MedTech: Past, Present & Future. (n.d.). Retrieved August 30, 2018, from https://www.itlmedical.com/news/wearables-in-medtech-past-present-future	pappikatla
2009	Netflix prize is won	https://www.netflixprize.com/	armorrison
2009	Push notifications introduced for Android and IOS	https://onesignal.com/what-are-push-notifications	amkwan
2009	a Go8 report suggests incorporating data science as a keystone in K-12 education	Longbing Cao, Data science: A comprehensive overview, Article 43 (ACM Computing Surveys, June 2017), 42 pages https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3076253	armorrison
2009	Google Street View expanded to Canada	“Google Street View Expands across Canada.” CBC News, 9 Feb. 2010, https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/google-street-view-expands-across-canada-1.888577	epfoley2
2009	Smart Navigation, which allows users to move around the panorama, is released on Street View	https://www.pcworld.com/article/529530/google-98.html (Accessed 9/1/2024)	npcyr
2010s	Deep Learning in AI Art Deep Learning is the process of using large datasets to help guide the AI to produce a correct product. Deep Art and Deep Dream are 2 of the first companies to start using this for AI Art.	BeutyandAI, History of AI Art from 1960s to 2023, https://beautyandai.com/blogs/beauty-and-ai-blog/history-of-ai-art/?srsltid=AfmBOory1D7bZrfkwm1LLTkW9tjuqqPNe1sBHbANMQvbGVyctU0cLxUz (9/2/24)	cemasucci
2010	Bluetooth 4.0 released introducing a low energy model (LE)	Syed Rafid Kabir, Who Invented Bluetooth? Story of the Bit Bouncer, (History Cooperative, 02/26/2024), https://historycooperative.org/who-invented-bluetooth/ (3/31/2024)	rnguyen
2010	Next Generation GPS Control Segment (OCX) contracted to Raytheon Company, Intelligence & Information Systems, for a 73 month development to modernize the GPS system		gmport
2010	Stuxnet warm attack on Iranian nuclear facilities. Disabled and damaged production devices. Rumored to be designed by the U.S. government	http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2015/ph241/holloway1/ Love, John. A Brief History of Malware — Its Evolution and Impact (lastline.com, 04/05/2018). https://www.lastline.com/blog/history-of-malware-its-evolution-and-impact/ Accessed 09/08/2020	mnurbekova zjester (added more info and second source)
2010	Arduino Uno is released	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arduino_boards_and_compatible_systems	amartinez
2010	Development of RISC-V begins at UC Berkeley	RISC-V International, History of RISC-V, (RISC-V International, unknown), http://riscv.org/about/history/ (31 August 2023)	ehughsbaird
2010	First 1B-transistor CPU card (Oracle Sparc T3, 16-core)		blammeson
2010	There were estimated to be over 1.9 billion web surfers worldwide		dtocco
2010	As a "fundamental shift in search", Google Suggest is replaced with Google Instant, the feature that attempts to complete your search query as you type.	2010 blog by SearchEnglineLand, a blog dedicated to search optimization - https://searchengineland.com/google-instant-complete-users-guide-50136	jethomas
2010	Robonaut 2 is sent to the International Space Station, it is the first humanoid robot in space		eosowski
2010	Sales of stand-alone cameras peak at approximately 120 million units, sales have fallen in each year since.	http://www.cipa.jp/stats/documents/common/cr200.pdf	bmheavey
2010	The Apple iPad is released.		djbenson
2010	Apple CEO Steve Jobs announces FaceTime, a video conferencing app, to be released with the iPhone 4.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FaceTime (Accessed September 30, 2024)	djadczak
2010	Instagram was released as a mobile photo-sharing social network site. Over time, it evolves to include short video content through Instagram Stories and IGTV.		rding2, xxiao
2010	Texas instruments makes a graphing calculator with a touchpad	Dow Jones Institutional News, PRESS RELEASE: Texas Instruments Introduces New TI-Nspire(TM) with Touchpad Graphing Calculator Handheld (ProQuest, 19th April 2010), https://www.proquest.com/docview/2171411904?parentSessionId=ZT5zB5Ch%2FpncOeuj7iKKVshd4zyJQ2lhFeyIkPxtFSw%3D&pq-origsite=primo&accountid=29120&sourcetype=Wire%20Feeds (8-30-2024)	kacummings
2010	Players of the French team use chess engine to cheat in the World Chess Olympiad.	http://www.fide.com/images/stories/NEWS_2012/FIDE/FIDE_Ethics_Commission_Judgement_in_the_case_French_Team.pdf	wavanrensselaer
2010	Palmer Luckey designs the first Oculus Rift prototype	https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/augmented-reality-immersive-technology-university-of-ontario,3630-3.html	ejwerlinich
2010	First 4G capable phone released	http://www.wirelesshistoryfoundation.org/wireless-history-project/wireless-history-timeline	zrrobbins
2010	The release of the Kinect brings gesture recognition devices to the consumer's living room.	http://gizmodo.com/5563148/microsoft-xbox-360-kinect-launches-november-4	djkiourtsis
2010	Narrative Science creates computer program Quill writes a news story based on numerical sports or financial data.	http://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2013/09/10/how-many-jobs-could-narrative-sciences-robot-writing-tech-do/	allewis
2010	Nintendo Wii U released. Wii U is the first console released in the eighth generation. It is the first Nintendo console that support HD graphics. Wii U Gamepad, the controller of Wii U, features an additional touch screen that can be used as either an addition to the main display, or as a portable screen for games directly.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_U	mli2
2010	Kilobots are first created, the cheap and demonstrably collective bots are some of the first true swarm robots.	https://spectrum.ieee.org/kilobots-are-cheap-enough-to-swarm-in-the-thousands	nzsmith
2010 to 2011	According to the Standford Research Institute, Apple acquired the company in 2010, and in 2011 Siri was unveiled as an integrated feature of the iPhone 4S.	9. "Artificial Intelligence: CALO." SRI International - Timeline of Innovation. SRI International, n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2015.	leantul
2010	Nest, the first smart thermostat, is created to be a more appealing and user-friendly alternative to the clunky smart home systems available.	http://mashable.com/2015/01/08/smart-home-tech-ces/#94RaVgOCkkqc	mjmcdonald
2010	First International Cloud Computing Congress is held.	Arutyunov, V V. “Cloud Computing: Its History of Development, Modern State, and Future Considerations.” Scientific and technical information processing 39.3 (2012): 173–178. Web.	acherkinsky
2010	The first Bitcoin purchase 10,000BTC takes place	https://101blockchains.com/history-of-blockchain-timeline/#prettyPhoto/0/	ieroshenko
2010	Facebook implements face recognition to organize photos and recognize other users	https://www.nec.co.nz/market-leadership/publications-media/a-brief-history-of-facial-recognition/	ecnerden, mjzeolla
2010	OMB issues "cloud first" mandate, requiring agencies to identify three services to move to the cloud and retire associated legacy systems.	https://gcn.com/articles/2013/05/30/gcn30-timeline-cloud.aspx	rhuang2
2010	OnLive cloud gaming service is released	https://web.archive.org/web/20100312043136/http://blog.onlive.com/2010/03/10/onlive-coming-to-a-screen-near-you/	acdesveaux
2010	Sony Ericsson introduces the LiveView Watch.	https://www.engadget.com/2010-12-01-sony-ericsson-liveview-review.html	ramcgovern
2010	Sony releases Playstation Move	https://blog.playstation.com/2010/06/15/this-changes-everything-playstation-move-available-september-19-2010/#:~:text=With%20the%20launch%20of%20the,2010%2C%20this%20truly%20changes%20everything.	nsjurovich
2010	Facebook launced on Android	https://www.businessofapps.com/data/facebook-statistics/	amkwan
2010	The iPhone 4, the first modern smartphone with a front facing camera, is announced at Apple’s Worldwide Developers Conference in San Francisco.	Helft, Miguel and Jenna Wortham, “On Newest iPhone, Another Camera”, (New York Times, 7 June 2010), https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/08/technology/08apple.html (5 Sept. 2021)	jrmalcarne
2010	Bluetooth Low Energy was released allowing smaller devices longer battery life	https://www.headphonesty.com/2021/01/bluetooth-versions/	crueda
2010	Nvidia partners with Audi to power their cars' dashboards with the Tegra GPU.	https://news.softpedia.com/news/NVIDIA-Tegra-Inside-Every-Audi-2010-Vehicle-131529.shtml	amcutler
2010	It was discovered that Google was retrieving and storing payload data from unencrypted Wi-Fi connections using Street View technology	https://www.bbc.com/news/10278068 (Accessed 9/1/2024)	npcyr
2010	Germany and Austria, a couple of many nations that had privacy concerns regarding Street View, order Google to halt operations in their countries. Around 3% of houses in applicable areas requested their houses to be blurred	https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/germany-street-view/ (Accessed 9/1/2024)	npcyr
2011	Motorola releases the Atrix 4G, the first smartphone with a fingerprint reader	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone#2011	bnklaiman
2011	NIST publishes the government’s definition of “cloud”.	Maurer, T., & Hinck, G. (2020). Cloud Security: A Primer for Policymakers (pp. 10-22, Rep.). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. doi:10.2307/resrep25787.8	acherkinsky
2011	The Obama administration launch the “cloud first” program for the federal government to virtualize their data.	Maurer, T., & Hinck, G. (2020). Cloud Security: A Primer for Policymakers (pp. 10-22, Rep.). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. doi:10.2307/resrep25787.8	acherkinsky
2011	Apple releases Max OS X: Lion. Lion provides applications that increase ease of use and user experience. It also features a fast way to share files between nearby Macs.		aquartulli
2011	David Duerson commits suicide and leaves note asking his brain be used for research on TBI relating concussions		mhsultan
2011	Stanford University launched three MOOCs(massive open online course).		zwu2
2011	Worlds first 3D printed Robotic Aircraft	http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1308/147363514X13990346756481	japayano
2011	3D printing in Gold and Silver	http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1308/147363514X13990346756481	japayano
2011	Worlds first 3D-printed Car	http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1308/147363514X13990346756481	japayano
2011	Urbee, a 3D printed Car prototype is unveiled	http://www.avplastics.co.uk/3d-printing-history	wgbahm
2011	University of Pittsburgh research team develops 1.5nm transistor
2011	Zeus Virus steal banking credentials and other personal information via keylogging	https://usa.kaspersky.com/resource-center/threats/zeus-virus Love, John. A Brief History of Malware — Its Evolution and Impact (lastline.com, 04/05/2018). https://www.lastline.com/blog/history-of-malware-its-evolution-and-impact/ Accessed 09/08/2020	mnurbekova zjester (added info and second source)
2011	Siri is shown off at a conference for the first time under Apple Modification: It was released with the iPhone 4S and this was the first time a cell phone had an AI assistant.	http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/22/siri-do-engine-apple-iphone_n_2499165.html Angadala, Vamsee. “The Rise of AI Digital Assistants on Smartphones.” IGadgetsworld, 20 May 2019, https://www.igadgetsworld.com/ai-digital-assistants-smartphones/#:~:text=It%20was%20the%20year%202011%2C%20and%20for%20everyone%E2%80%99s,made%20it%20available%20in%20the%20MacOS%20Sierra%20too.	nmmuesch, wrlewis
2011	Apple introduces Thunderbolt on its computers		amishra2
2011	Watson, IBM's computer, wins Jeopardy against Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter, the previous Jeopardy champions.	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P18EdAKuC1U, Aviv Gaon, The Singularity is Near, http://wpi.aci.info/view/15af7f26c8c00100002/15b4709e35500015c3ad447	nmmuesch, rjsthilaire
2011	Fitbit accidentally releases statisctics about users sexual encounters	https://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/07/05/fitbit-moves-quickly-after-users-sex-stats-exposed/#1dc8fc4d4327	nbeeten
2011	Bank of America website got hacked by a Turkish hacker named JeOPaRDY. An estimated 85,000 credit card numbers and accounts were reported to have been stolen	http://spicy-dj.blogspot.com/p/youth-hacking.html	ajmokotoff
2011	Nintendo released the Nintendo 3DS, a handheld console that could produced 3D graphics without 3D glasses.	https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/a-visual-history-of-the-nintendo-3ds/2900-169/#22	bplima
2011	CIA kills Anwar al-Awlaki, a US citizen living in Yemen, who was involved with the terrorist group al-Qaeda. This sparks controversy about drones killing US citizens.	http://www.popsci.com/watch-brief-history-drone	addresser
2011	Microsoft acquires Skype, a popular video and audio communication platform, for $8.5 billion.	BBC News, “Microsoft confirms takeover of Skype”, (BBC, 10 May 2011), https://www.bbc.com/news/business-13343600 (5 Sept. 2021)	jrmalcarne
2011	Twitch was created (modern online live streaming)	https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110606005437/en/Justin.tv-Launches-TwitchTV-World%E2%80%99s-Largest-Competitive-Video	mssensat
2011	Jawbone, another big pedometer contender releases their first version of the UP tracker		tjaskoviak
2011	Google Street View announced Indoor views of businesses (Google Business Photos) were going to be an option on the application	Google Street View. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/27775. Accessed 2 Sept. 2024.	epfoley2
2011	Wimm One is released as the first Android-powered watch.	https://www.smartwatchfor.com/wimm-one/	ramcgovern
2011	Raspberry Pi Foundation designs a board that turned a BCM 2835 (computer chip with ARM microprocessor) into a mini-single board computer	Severance, C. (2013). Eben upton: Raspberry pi. Computer, 46(10), 14-16.	yychow
2012	The Oculus Rift kickstarter was launched, raising $2.4million [6], multitudes more than its goal of $250k [6] and even the pre-reduced goal of $500k [2]	[6] Oculus, “Oculus Rift: Step Into the Game”, 2012, https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1523379957/oculus-rift-step-into-the-game [2] 2. Peter Rubin, “The Inside Story of Oculus Rift and How Virtual Reality Became Reality”, May 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/05/oculus-rift-4/	tgdanielski
2012	The Curiosity Rover lands on Mars, it is the largest and most advanced Mars rover to date		eosowski
2012	A patent is filed for managing personal heath information electronically	US20140136233 A1	nbeeten
2011	Datavisualization language D3 is released	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D3.js	armorrison
2011	Private company Emotiv is founded in Australia in 2011. They develop EEG based headsets for consumers and researchers, and the different headsets come with a variety of functions. For example, the Emotiv Insight is a wireless headset that records electronic activity in the users' head, and analyzes it for complex metrics like measuring emotions, physical motions, and facial expressions.	emotiv.com/insight/	ajlee
2011	Google releases the Chromebook, which runs on Google Chrome OS.	Wikipedia, "Chromebook", (Wikipedia, 2022), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebook (03/21/2022)	kromanova
2012	NVIDIA Reveals Kepler Architecture	https://www.nvidia.com/content/dam/en-zz/Solutions/Data-Center/tesla-product-literature/NVIDIA-Kepler-GK110-GK210-Architecture-Whitepaper.pdf (4/1/21)	awhitney
2012	Google reveals project glass, a head mounted display designed to act as a simple computer.	Goldman, D. (2012). Google unveils project glass virtual-reality glasses. Money (CNN), 4.	djkiourtsis
2012	3D printed prosthetic jaw implanted	http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1308/147363514X13990346756481	japayano
2012	Windows 8 is released, featuring a redesigned start menu and a more touch based interface. It received mixed critical reception, with many citicizing the removal of the start menu.		rdomanico
2012	Google car becomes first self-driving car to earn license plate in US	How Google's Autonomous Car Passed the First U.S. State Self-Driving Test. 2014. http://spectrum.ieee.org/transportation/advanced-cars/how-googles-autonomous-car-passed-the-first-us-state-selfdriving-test	aaadkins
2012	Pebble Smartwatch	https://blog.getpebble.com	akshoop
2012	Microsoft Surface	https://news.microsoft.com/2012/10/16/microsoft-announces-new-surface-details/	nzhang2
2012	Oculus Founded	https://www.wired.com/2014/05/oculus-rift-4/	ajdooner
2012	Oculus announced the Oculus Rift on Kickstarter	https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1523379957/oculus-rift-step-into-the-game	kshah2
2012	Nike releases their wrist band tracker Nike+ Fuelband, the current version of Nike pedometer/activity trackers		tjaskoviak
2012	At 25 pounds or 30 USD, the Raspberry Pi (Model B) became massively popular with 100,000 units sold within the first day.	Upton, E., Duntemann, J., Roberts, R., Mamtora, T., & Everard, B. (2016). Learning computer architecture with Raspberry Pi.	yychow
2012	Cloud computing makes Siri “smarter”.	https://www.petri.com/cloud-improving-siri-in-ios6	rhuang2
2012	Release of Google Now.	https://time.com/google-now/	agmavrotheris
2012	Google allows users to upload their own panoramas to Street View, known as photospheres		npcyr
2012	Hexoskin launches clothing that included textile sensors to measure an heart rate, breathing, and active intensity.	https://www.hexoskin.com/pages/monitoring-sleep-with-hexoskin	ppatel2
2012	Department of Defense Cloud Computing Strategy moves the government data to commercial cloud infrastructure. Cyber security is increased, but the private cloud is not yet implemented.	Dudash, S. (2016). The Department of Defense and the Power of Cloud Computing: Weighing Acceptable Cost versus Acceptable Risk (pp. 11-13, Rep.). Air University Press. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep13826.11	acherkinsky
2012	Tesla Model S, First Commercial Level 2 Autonomy Car (Partial Automation)	www.howtogeek.com/401759/what-are-the-different-self-driving-car-levels-of-autonomy/	cctulig
2012	Autodesk released cloud-based Autodesk 360 series.	Alexis Barnhorn, Laura Caudill, 60 years of CAD Infographic: The History CAD since 1957 (CADENAS, 2018), https://partsolutions.com/60-years-of-cad-infographic-the-history-of-cad-since-1957/	kwang8
2012	Youtube Mobile launched using RTSP streaming for the video	https://wiredelta.com/how-was-youtube-developed/#:~:text=When%20the%20era%20of%20smartphones,5%20000%20000%20000%20downloads!	amkwan
September 12, 2012	Apple introduced the Lightning connector, a mobile phone charger exclusive to Apple devices such as iPhones and iPads; these would also be used to charge Air Pods later on.	https://www.techradar.com/news/computing/apple/apple-lightning-connector-what-you-need-to-know-1106884	zsperry
2012	Invention of Alexnet, a large-scale convolutional neural network trained on Imagenet	https://www.ibm.com/topics/computer-vision	jacurtis2
2012	Google introduces the world to Google Glass	Farr, Christina. “One of Google’s Most Embarrassing Flops Is Turning into a Real Business.” CNBC, 11 Apr. 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/11/google-glass-becoming-surprise-success.html.	javieira
2012	Time magazine names Google Glass as one of the “Best Inventions of the Year”	Robson, Kurt. “Google Glass Is Back after Failing Hard the First Time around – Is the World Ready?” Verdict, 20 July 2022, https://www.verdict.co.uk/google-testing-augmented-reality-glasses-after-failure-of-google-glass/.	javieira
2013	Internet.org, an initiative between Facebook and 6 other companies to bring affordable Internet access to all, is launched.	http://techcrunch.com/2013/08/20/facebook-internet-org/	zrrobbins
2013	Pebble kickstarter programmable smartwatch hits the market		hsahay
2013	Project Loon begins, where Google aims to provide Internet to the entire world through the use of stratospheric balloons	https://www.google.com/loon/where/	zrrobbins
2013	Defense Distributed launches a fully 3D printed gun, igniting outrage and debate about the potential of this technology	http://www.avplastics.co.uk/3d-printing-history	wgbahm
2013	NFL to pay $765 million to settle lawsuits against them for hiding dangers of football		mhsultan
2013	Microsoft Surface Pro	http://www.tabletpccomparison.net/microsoft-surface-windows-8-pro	nzhang2
2013	Google Glass makes its debut on the market for $1500	Leswing, Kif. “Google Ends Enterprise Sales of Google Glass, Its Augmented Reality Smartglasses.” CNBC, 15 Mar. 2023, https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/15/google-discontinues-google-glass-enterprise-end-to-early-ar-project.html.	javieira
2013	Valve Corporation creates low-persistence display technology, subsequently used by many VR companies	https://techreport.com/review/25533/not-quite-live-blog-panel-discussion-with-john-carmack-tim-sweeney-johan-andersson/	ejwerlinich
2013	Cryptolocker ransomware locks down target systems	Love, John. A Brief History of Malware — Its Evolution and Impact (lastline.com, 04/05/2018). https://www.lastline.com/blog/history-of-malware-its-evolution-and-impact/ Accessed 09/08/2020	zjester
2013	802.11ac released	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11	hfang
2013	Microsoft Surface 2 & Surface Pro 2	http://www.gizmag.com/surface-2-vs-surface-pro-2/29484/	nzhang2
2013	First 4K graphics cards (GTX 700-series)		blammeson
2013	Innovega iOptik	http://www.theverge.com/2013/1/10/3863550/innovega-augmented-reality-glasses-contacts-hands-on ; http://innovega-inc.com/new-architecture.php	akshoop
2013	GitHub releases Atom Shell (now Electron), a framework used for developing GUI applications using web technologies (HTML, JavaScript, etc.).		tjnickerson
2013	Bitcoin marketplace surpasses $1 Billion. Vitalik Buterin releases Ethereum whitepaper	https://101blockchains.com/history-of-blockchain-timeline/#prettyPhoto/0/	ieroshenko
2013	Microsoft Xbox One released. As the successor of Xbox 360, Xbox One is defined as ‘all-in-one entertainment system’. It brings an upgrade in processing power comparing to Xbox 360. It also supports live television programs as well as other multimedia programs such as Twitch and Netflix. Eventually, a console capable of 4K was released in 2017 called the Xbox One X.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games	mli2, bplima
2013	Sony PlayStation 4 released. As an upgrade of Sony PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 has an upgraded hardware and supports 4K media playback. Sony also launched PlayStation VR in 2016, which added virtual reality support to PlayStation 4. The console was upgraded three years later and was the first console to support 4K, it was called the PlayStation 4 Pro.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4 https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-video-games	mli2, bplima
2013	Home automation takes a seat at the forefront of the yearly CES convention as major brands like Belkin start producing devices to compete with smaller startups.	http://mashable.com/2015/01/08/smart-home-tech-ces/#94RaVgOCkkqc	mjmcdonald
2013	USB 3.1 released with data transfer rate of 10 gbps	https://www.computerhope.com/history/usb.htm	amishra2
2013	Netflix starts producing its own original shows	https://qz.com/887010/netflix-nflx-launched-streaming-video-10-years-ago-and-changed-the-way-we-watch-everything/	mazyla
2013	Ableton Push released
2013	United Nations releases a dataset in which states 6 billion people have access to mobile phones compared to 4.5 billion having access to toilets/latrines.	https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/03/435102-deputy-un-chief-calls-urgent-action-tackle-global-sanitation-crisis	cvieira
2013	G-cluster Debuts the Ultimate Cloud Gaming Machine	https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/cloud-gaming-is-now-g-cluster-debuts-the-ultimate-cloud-gaming-machine-at-ces-2013-184944381.html	rhuang2
2013	Fitbit releases fitness watch/ tracker to include a display.	https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/10/4821200/fitbit-force-price-availability-fitness-tracker	ppatel2
2013	Release of Google Cast.	https://developers.google.com/cast/docs/release-notes#v1.0	agmavrotheris
2013	Apple announces the Touch ID feature in its iPhone 5s	Ahmad A. Al-Daraiseh, et al., “Effectiveness of Iphone’s Touch IF: KSA Case Study”, (International Journal of Advanced Computer Sciences and Applications, January 2015), Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 154-156,	mpkelly
2013	Miguel Nicolelis of Duke University created an electronic interface that allowed two rats' brains to be connected, bringing huge development to the possibility of direct communication between human nervous systems.	Pais-Vieira, Miguel; Lebedev, Mikhail; Kunicki, Carolina; Wang, Jing; Nicolelis, Miguel A.L. (28 February 2013). "A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real-Time Sharing of Sensorimotor Information". Scientific Reports. 3: 1319. Bibcode:2013NatSR...3E1319P. doi:10.1038/srep01319	ajlee
2013	Thom Yorke pulls solo and joint albums from Spotify, citing negativity for artists	Thom Yorke pulls albums from Spotify (BBC, July 15, 2013) https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-23313445 (11/2/20)	brdesousa
2013	Vine, a platform for creating and sharing 6-second looping videos, is launched.	It gains significant popularity, especially among younger users, and paves the way for other short-video platforms.	xxiao
2013	Experience API or xAPI is released as a successor to SCROM. It allowed teachers to monitor student activity within assignments.	M. Manso-Vázquez, M. Caeiro-Rodríguez and M. Llamas-Nistal, "An xAPI Application Profile to Monitor Self-Regulated Learning Strategies," in IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 42467-42481, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2860519	elevin
2013	The popular game, GeoGuessr, is released, in which players guess where a Street View location is		npcyr
2014	Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) Supervised and Unsupervised are the two types of Machine Learning where supervised uses labeled data to make predictions while Unsupervised uses unlabeled data to make predictions. Both have pros and cons to them. GANs are the first time an Unsupervised AI could create artwork, where then another AI judges the realism of the output from the first Learning Machine.	BeutyandAI, History of AI Art from 1960s to 2023, https://beautyandai.com/blogs/beauty-and-ai-blog/history-of-ai-art/?srsltid=AfmBOory1D7bZrfkwm1LLTkW9tjuqqPNe1sBHbANMQvbGVyctU0cLxUz (9/2/24)	cemasucci
2014	Oculus was bought by Facebook for a total of $3billion [3]	[3] 3. Nick Wingfield and Mike Isaac, “Mark Zuckerberg, in Suit, Testifies in Oculus Intellectual Property Trial”, Jan 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/17/technology/mark-zuckerberg-oculus-trial-virtual-reality-facebook.html	tgdanielski
2014	Elixir programming language 1.0 released. Elixir is based on a long standing telecoms language, Erlang, and provides many features for web and soft real time programming.	https://elixir-lang.org/blog/2014/09/18/elixir-v1-0-0-released/	rmschade
2014	DeepFace and DeepID utilize deep neural networks for facial recognition, revolutionizing the field.	M. Wang, W. Deng, “Deep Face Recognition Survey”, Aug 2020, arXiv:1804.06655	cjmclaughlin, mjzeolla
2014	The Bitcoin exchanged Mt.Gox filed for bankruptcy after $460 million was stolen by hackers and another $27.4 million went missing form it's bank accounts	http://www.wired.com/2014/03/bitcoin-exchange/	ajmokotoff
2014	Game personalization through facial expressions proposed at AIIDE Conference		txvu
2014	Tommy Hilfiger releases its first solar power wearable technology	https://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelarthur/2014/11/20/tommy-hilfigers-solar-powered-jacket-wearable-tech-in-review/#32ab885d566b	pmahurkar
2014	Open Whisper Systems introduced the second version of TextSecure Protocol, which added end-to-end encrypted group chat and instant messaging capabilities to TextSecure.	https://threatpost.com/textsecure-sheds-sms-in-latest-version/104456/	xlyu
2014	USB-C connector introduced	https://gct.co/usb-connector/usb-history-timeline#:~:text=USB%20(Universal%20Serial%20Bus)%20was,of%20serial%20and%20parallel%20ports	amishra2
2014	ESP8266 WiFi chip released in China, costing dollars. Opened doorway for IoT integration due to low cost and lack of need for microcontroller.	http://esp8266.net/	amartinez
2014	Microsoft Surface Pro 3	http://www.tabletpccomparison.net/microsoft-surface-pro-3	nzhang2
2014	Cynthia Dwork and Aaron Roth author The Algorithmic Foundations of Differential Privacy, detailing the significance and implementation of Differential Privacy as an essential tool for the future of large, published datasets.		jsalido
2014	White House computer system was hacked by Russians	http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/us/russian-hackers-read-obamas-unclassified-emails-officials-say.html?_r=0	ajmokotoff
2014	Amazon proposes using drone to deliver packages to customers. Around the same time, other areas are beginning to utilize drones such as farming, animal conservation, environmental protection, and real-estate.	http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/12/131202-drone-uav-uas-amazon-octocopter-bezos-science-aircraft-unmanned-robot/	addresser
2014	Backoff virus steals credit card data.	Love, John. A Brief History of Malware — Its Evolution and Impact (lastline.com, 04/05/2018). https://www.lastline.com/blog/history-of-malware-its-evolution-and-impact/ Accessed 09/08/2020	zjester
2014	Myo Armband	http://www.tomshardware.com/news/thalmic-labs-myo-armband-ces,28385.html	akshoop
2014	Apple watch announced. On sale in 2015		hsahay
2014	After the release of the Raspberry Pi Model B+, more than two million boards had been sold.	Upton, E., Duntemann, J., Roberts, R., Mamtora, T., & Everard, B. (2016). Learning computer architecture with Raspberry Pi.	yychow
2014	Documents leaked by Edward Snowden show that the NSA is seeking quantum computing technology for cryptography purposes		hfloreshuerta
2014	Facebook buys Oculus for $2.3 billion	https://about.fb.com/news/2014/03/facebook-to-acquire-oculus/	kshah2
2014	Pepper was created (the first emotionally intelligent robot)		akan
2014	Sony announces "Project Morpheus", the codename for Playstation VR	https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidthier/2014/03/18/sony-announces-virtual-reality-headset-for-ps4/?sh=38b8fae51639	ejwerlinich
2014	Google purchases Nest for $3.2 billion, and Samsung acquires SmartThings (another competing smart home company)	http://mashable.com/2015/01/08/smart-home-tech-ces/#94RaVgOCkkqc	mjmcdonald
2014	First Amazon Echo/Alexa is released	https://spectrum.ieee.org/consumer-electronics/gadgets/the-consumer-electronics-hall-of-fame-amazon-echo-dot	ecnerden
2014	Apple announces the creation of iHome Kit, its API for smart home devices.	http://mashable.com/2015/01/08/smart-home-tech-ces/#94RaVgOCkkqc	mjmcdonald
2014	Google releases the Google Cardboard, a simple, do-it-yourself project that a phone is put in and used as a VR headset.	https://www.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/google-cardboard-everything-you-need-to-know-1277738	bmwaid
2014	Ethereum Blockchain is funded by crowdsale. Blockchain technology R3 is formed and forms Consortium of over 40 legacy financial companies for implementing Blockchain technology	https://101blockchains.com/history-of-blockchain-timeline/#prettyPhoto/0/	ieroshenko
2014	PlayStation Now cloud gaming service is released to allow streaming of PS4 and previous PlayStation games.	https://blog.us.playstation.com/2014/05/19/playstation-now-ps4-private-beta-starts-tomorrow/#sf2993055	acdesveaux
2014	Taylor Swift removes her music from Spotify	Charlotte Alter, Taylor Swift just removed her music from Spotify, (TIME, November 3, 2014) https://time.com/3554438/taylor-swift-spotify/ (11/2/20)	brdesousa
2014	Representatives from fact-cehcking organizations around the world meet for the first time in London to lay the groundwork for an international association of fact checkers	Kessler, G. (2018, August 15). The global boom in political fact checking. Retrieved April 02, 2021, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2014/06/13/the-global-boom-in-fact-checking/	aebolduc
2014	The finance research establishes that the global cloud market is $100 billion.	Maurer, T., & Hinck, G. (2020). Cloud Security: A Primer for Policymakers (pp. 10-22, Rep.). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. doi:10.2307/resrep25787.8	acherkinsky
2014	Statcast sees limited use during the 2014 MLB season, being tested in three stadiums.	https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/22/sports/baseball/statcast-offers-a-way-to-quantify-baseballs-every-move.html?_r=1	gmmontana
2014	Snapchat introduces its "Stories" feature, allowing users to share short, disappearing videos with their friends.		xxiao
2014	Creation of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). A GAN is an unsupervised machine learning algorithm that generates realistic high-resolution images through two competing neural networks in which one generates the image while another tries to determine authenticity of this image. Over time, through machine learning, the GAN would generate high quality images that are near indistinguishable from original images.	Google, Overview of GAN Structure, (Google For Developers, Jul 18, 2022) https://developers.google.com/machinelearning/gan/gan_structure#:~:text=A%20generative%20adversarial%20network%20(GAN,fake%20data%20from%20real%20data. (March 19, 2024)	ajli
2015	reality (VR) compatibilityGoogle launches a new version of Street View with better virtual reality (VR) compatibility	Google Street View. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/27775. Accessed 2 Sept. 2024.	epfoley2
2015	Statcast is unveiled at the MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference. It would be installed in all 30 MLB ballparks by the beginning of the 2015 season.	http://www.sporttechie.com/2015/03/02/mlbam-brings-home-top-honors-at-2015-mit-sloan-sports-analytics-conference/ http://grantland.com/the-triangle/mlb-advanced-media-play-tracking-bob-bowman-interview/	gmmontana
2015	NVIDIA Releases Tegra X1 For Machine Learning	Mark Hachman, "Nvidia launches Tegra X1" (PCWorld, January 5, 2015) https://www.pcworld.com/article/2864243/nvidia-launches-tegra-x1-bringing-deep-neural-learning-to-self-driving-cars.html (4/1/21)	awhitney
2015	Rust programming language 1.0 is released. Rust is a modern systems language providing many safety benefits previously unseen in systems languages such as C and C++.	https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html	rmschade
2015	The Impact Team stole the user data of Ashley Madison, a commercial website billed as enabling extramarital affairs. The group copied personal information about the site's user base, and threatened to release user names and personally identifying information if Ashley Madison was not immediately shut down. Approximately one month later, the group leaked more than 25 gigabytes of company data including user details.	http://www.wired.com/2015/08/happened-hackers-posted-stolen-ashley-madison-data/	ajmokotoff
2015	CD sales for the first half of 2015 are 41 million, a 31% drop from the same period in the previous year	http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-34323530	wofrick
2015	First OLED monitors reach the market	http://www.oled-info.com/oled-devices/monitors	nadiaz
2015	Over 20,000 people including over 3,000 researchers in the field of AI and Robotics sign an open letter to ban development and use of autonomous weapons. Of the 20,000, included were Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, and Steve Wozniak.	http://futureoflife.org/open-letter-autonomous-weapons/	allewis
2015	Tesla releases Tesla Version 7.0 Software, giving compatible Tesla vehicles the ability to maintain speed and distance behind other cars, stay in lanes, change lanes, scan for parking spots, and park autonomously	10 Breakthrough Technologies 2016: Tesla Autopilot. 2016. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600772/10-breakthrough-technologies-2016-tesla-autopilot/	aaadkins
2015	Uber begins working on self-driving cars	techcrunch.com/2016/08/18/ubers-first-self-driving-cars-will-start-picking-up-passengers-this-month/	cctulig
2015	Non invasive ultrasound technology development for alzheimer's treatment	www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150312082826.htm	lnguyen3
2015	RISC-V foundation launches	RISC-V International, History of RISC-V, (RISC-V International, unknown), http://riscv.org/about/history/ (31 August 2023)	ehughsbaird
2015	Shadow cloud gaming service allows users to rent a high-end gaming PC for a monthly fee, to be streamed to any device.	https://shadow.tech/usen/about	acdesveaux
2015	A complete Deep learning paper was published	LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436-444. 10.1038/nature14539	aditthapron
2015	Apple Watch	https://www.apple.com/watch/technology/	akshoop
2015	Microsoft Surface 3	http://www.tabletpccomparison.net/microsoft-surface-3	nzhang2
2015	Microsoft Surface Pro 4 & Surface Book	http://www.pcworld.com/article/2996029/tablet-pc/surface-book-vs-surface-pro-4-picking-the-best-came-down-to-just-one-thing.html	nzhang2
2015	Ringly: Release wearable technology in the form of jewelry for women	https://ringly.com	pmahurkar
2015	Mota DOI SmartRing	https://www.mota.com/doi-smart-ring/	akshoop
2015	The Raspberry Pi 2 Model B with its 4-core ARM processor sold more than 500,000 units during the first two weeks of its release; it was promised to be more efficient at computations.	Upton, E., Duntemann, J., Roberts, R., Mamtora, T., & Everard, B. (2016). Learning computer architecture with Raspberry Pi.	yychow
2015	BI Intelligence reports almost 2 Billion smart home connected devices though to be installed globally	https://www.raconteur.net/technology/the-evolution-of-the-smart-home	dberardi
2015	Ethereum Genesis block created. Linux Foundation unveils Hyperledger to enhance blockchain development	https://101blockchains.com/history-of-blockchain-timeline/#prettyPhoto/0/	ieroshenko
2015	Razer unveils OSVR, an open source virtual reality software and hardware project	www.pcworld.com/article/2865515/razers-open-source-headset-aims-to-disrupt-virtual-reality.html	ejwerlinich
2015	A virtual keyboard is projected onto a table using lasers.	http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/icp.jsp?arnumber=7287956	jbbrown
2015	Invention of Quell: Wearable technology for detecting chronic body pain	https://www.quellrelief.com	pmahurkar
2015	HTC and Valve Corporation announce the HTC Vive which utilized external sensors to be placed in the room for location tracking on the headset and controllers.	https://search.proquest.com/docview/1879884129?rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo	bmwaid
2015	OnLive cloud gaming service is purchased by Sony and closes	https://web.archive.org/web/20150407010959/http://games.onlive.com/farewell/games	acdesveaux
2015	Google releases the OnHub router.	https://www.vox.com/2015/8/18/11617824/google-announces-onhub-a-200-router-focused-on-simplicity	agmavrotheris
2015	Quell releases wearable technology to reduce pain and track progress.	https://www.medicaldevice-network.com/news/newsneurometrix-pain-relief-quell-4445711/	ppatel2
2015	Starlink is a satellite internet constellation being constructed by SpaceX providing satellite Internet access. The constellation will consist of thousands of mass-produced small satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO), working in combination with ground transceivers	Mann, A. (2020, January 17). Starlink: SpaceX's satellite internet project. Retrieved September 07, 2020, from https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellites.html	jemetcalf
2015	Apple Music launches, including a family plan	Introducing Apple Music — All The Ways You Love Music. All in One Place., (Apple, June 8, 2015) https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2015/06/08Introducing-Apple-Music-All-The-Ways-You-Love-Music-All-in-One-Place-/ (11/2/20)	brdesousa
September 2015	World's first Massive MIMO solution launched in Shanghai	http://wirelessone.news/9-mimo/687-china-mobile-softbank-ordering-1-000-s-of-massive-mimo-bases-2	gmantedomenico
2015	Alphabet discontinues Google Glass	Haselton, Todd. “Google Unveils New $999 Smart Glasses for Businesses, Undercutting Microsoft’s HoloLens on Price.” CNBC, 20 May 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/20/google-glass-enterprise-edition-2-announced-price.html.	javieira
2015	The selling and production of CRT TV’s reach near zero values	Yuliya Kalmykova, João Patrício, Leonardo Rosado, Berg P. EO, Out with the old, out with the new – The effect of transitions in TVs and monitors technology on consumption and WEEE generation in Sweden 1996–2014,(Waste Management Volume 46, December 2015) ,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X1530101X (9/3/2023)	rkoffstein
2015	Valve Software releases its Source 2 engine through a major update to their game Dota 2.	https://developer.valvesoftware.com/wiki/Source_2	lcagle
2015	Microsoft power BI is invented, a tool similar to Tableau as a “unified, scalable platform for self-service and enterprise business intelligence (BI).” https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/power-platform/products/power-bi. Visited: 9/3/2024	tnhellgren
2016	Bluetooth 5.0 released including features such as Long Range (LE) up to 200 meteres	rnguyen
2016	The HTC Vive was released in partnership with Value [7], featuring new infrared trackers called “base stations”	[7] Adi Robertson, “HTC Vive VR headset delayed until April”, Dec 2015, https://www.theverge.com/2015/12/8/9873840/htc-vive-headset-delay-april-2016	tgdanielski
2016	NVIDIA Releases Pascal Architecture for AI	https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/pascal-gpu-architecture/ (4/1/21)	awhitney
2016	Raspberry Pi 3 Model B is released with 64-bit quad-core ARMv8CPU, and built-in wireless and bluetooth.	Upton, E., Duntemann, J., Roberts, R., Mamtora, T., & Everard, B. (2016). Learning computer architecture with Raspberry Pi.	yychow
2016	AI program AlphaGo by Google beat Go world champion Lee Sedol		txvu
2016	Google begins testing post-quantum encryption in Chrome	https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2016/07/googles_post-qu.html	hfloreshuerta
2016	NIST begins their Post-Quantum Cryptology (PQC) plan to begin preparing for alterations in cryptology that will come with the increased computing capabilities quantum poses.	Chen Lily, Moody Dustin, Liu Yi-Kai. “Post-Quantum Cryptology PQC” NIST, August 24, 2023. https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/post-quantum-cryptography	esdunne
2016	Bug in Ethereum DAO code exploited and attacked	https://101blockchains.com/history-of-blockchain-timeline/#prettyPhoto/0/	ieroshenko
2016	Microsoft acquires LinkedIn for $26.2 billion	https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/08/microsoft-officially-closes-its-26-2b-acquisition-of-linkedin/	abettigole
2016	Sales of stand-alone cameras dip below 25 million units, representing less than 20% of 2012 numbers	http://www.cipa.jp/stats/documents/common/cr200.pdf	bmheavey
2016	Instagram starts to use algorithms to deliver personalized and targeted content to its users. l	https://about.instagram.com/blog/announcements/shedding-more-light-on-how-instagram-works (Accessed September 30, 2024)	djadczak
2016	“Sophia” – latest in AI robotics with the capacity to learn creativity, empathy and compassion		akan
2016	OpenAI selected Dota 2 as a testbed for general-purpose AI systems	https://openai.com/five/	qthoang
2016	Facebook begins using an IFCN certified tird-party fact-checking system which allows people to rate the accuracy of posts. This works by removing content that violates guidelines, reducing the spread of misinformation, and informing viewers of the quality of the content they see.	https://www.facebook.com/journalismproject/programs/third-party-fact-checking	ddaly
2016	Cerber ransomware	https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/the-cerber-ransomware-not-only-encrypts-your-data-but-also-speaks-to-you/	mnurbekova
2016	FBI vs Apple, U.S. government demands a backdoor into apple phones in case of extreme terrorist events	Martin, J. (n.d.). Encryption Backdoors: A Discussion of Feasibility, Ethics, and the Future of Cryptography. Digital Commons @ SPU.	etarthur
2016	Mirai IoT botnet launches first major attack against French host OVH, and Dyn a month later	https://www.csoonline.com/article/3258748/the-mirai-botnet-explained-how-teen-scammers-and-cctv-cameras-almost-brought-down-the-internet.html	twhite
2016	HTC and Valve release the HTC Vive SteamVR headset, the first major release of sensor-based tracking in VR	https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2015/03/hands-on-valvehtc-vive-opens-up-the-virtual-reality-experience/	ejwerlinich
2016	Apple Swift Playground released.	https://9to5mac.com/2020/02/11/apple-launches-swift-playgrounds-app-for-the-mac/	sli11
2016	Facebook releases the Oculus Rift to the public for $390.00	https://www.oculus.com/blog/first-look-at-the-rift-shipping-q1-2016/	kshah2
2016	Live motion capture demo for Ninja Theory’s game “Hellblade” shows technological advancements from a hobbyist approach to real-time motion capture	https://www.engadget.com/2017-08-08-ninja-theory-hellblade-motion-capture-demo-video.html	kofichtner
2016	Google Home speaker is released.	https://www.cnet.com/news/android-n-daydream-vr-google-home-and-more-everything-announced-at-google-io-2016/	agmavrotheris
2016	The New York Times circulates to approximately 2.9 million paid subscribers.	The New York Times Company, Form 10-K, (UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, 2016), http://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0000071691/37d516f5-b9da-4ca8-a50f-d70630760094.pdf (2020)	jpmcmanus
2016	In 2016, Elon Musk founds Neuralink, a brain-computer interface company that looks to make microchips that can safely be surgically inserted into consumers' brains. While the company may have grand visions of advancements like artifical human enhancement, which still appear to be far into the future, Neuralink is currently working most on biomedical advances, such as creation of prosthetics that can be interfaced with at high speeds. By 2019, Neuralink received $158 million in private investment.	Markoff, John (July 16, 2019). "Elon Musk's Company Takes Baby Steps to Wiring Brains to the Internet". The New York Times.	ajlee
2016	Lewis Rhodes Labs win the R&D100 award with their invention of the Neuromorphic Cyber Microscope and receive funding from Sandia National Laboratory to continue its development.	Retrieved from https://phys.org/news/2017-03-brain-inspired-cybersecurity-bad-apples-faster.html?fbclid=IwAR3L0Y5sDLkqM8H7LLsNhWvEYIvOGs1xHOr_DwV9X8Hho9in8qHeqsireok on 22 March 2024	cdesrosiers
July 2016	5G architecture introduced by 5G Public Private Partnership	https://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/5G-PPP-5G-Architecture-WP-July-2016.pdf	gmantedomenico
4 November 2016	China Mobile Shanghai Branch and Huawei jointly deploy the world's first wideband Massive MIMO site. An achievement marking the beginning of a planned series of events outlined in the timetable for 5G large-bandwidth evolution. This solution has significantly improved single site capability in the 4G era indicated by a 5-fold increase, achieving 5-6 Giga capability of a single site.	http://wirelessone.news/9-mimo/687-china-mobile-softbank-ordering-1-000-s-of-massive-mimo-bases-2	gmantedomenico
2016	Bluetooth V5.0 is released and is the current version with faster speeds and longer range than seen before	https://www.headphonesty.com/2021/01/bluetooth-versions/	crueda
2016	Musical.ly, an app for creating short lip-syncing videos, gains popularity. It eventually merges with TikTok in 2018.		xxiao
2016	TikTok (originally called Douyin) is launched in China by ByteDance, focusing on short, user-generated videos.		xxiao
December 2016	last state or territory in the US covered by Street View added (Puerto Rico)	https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/on-national-plan-for-vacation-day-puerto-rico-celebrates-another-record-breaking-year-of-tourism-in-2023-%7C302047428.html. Accessed 2 Sept. 2024.	epfoley2
2017	Firefox Quantum is released. This release has many components rewritten in Rust. Tentative benchmarks showed it was 2 times faster than previous releases.	https://blog.mozilla.org/firefox/the-new-firefox-by-the-numbers/, https://blog.rust-lang.org/2017/11/14/Fearless-Concurrency-In-Firefox-Quantum.html	rmschade
2017	Neuralink - a brain-control interface company founded by Elon Musk, is taken public	https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-launches-neuralink-to-connect-brains-with-computers-1490642652	jhsu
2017	Audi A8, First Commercial Level 3 Autonomy Car (Conditional Automation)	Jan Becker, A Brief History of Automated Driving - Part Three: Toward Product Development, (Apex.AI, 9/24/20), https://www.apex.ai/post/a-brief-history-of-automated-driving-part-three-toward-product-development (Accessed 4/2/21)	cctulig, jpoulos
2017	Apple AirPods are released	https://www.ssense.com/en-us/editorial/culture/a-history-of-headphone-design	alate
2017	Google’s Machine learning software AutoML is able to build other machine learning software.	https://www.wired.com/story/googles-learning-software-learns-to-write-learning-software/	jedyer
2017	Google’s AlphaZero AI is able to learn chess in 4 hours, given only the rules of the game, no additional human domain knowledge, and is defeats the previous best chess playing AI.	https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.01815.pdf Accessed 08/30/2023	jedyer, abeck
2017	Libratus beat humans at Texas Hold-em	https://newatlas.com/ai-2017-beating-humans-games/52741/	awheeler2
2017	Tensorflow 1.0 is released by Google	https://developers.googleblog.com/2017/02/announcing-tensorflow-10.html	aparmanand
2017	Nintendo releases the Nintendo Switch gaming console	https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8386406	dmpayette
2017	Facebook reaches 2 billion monthly active users	https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/27/facebook-2-billion-users/	abettigole
2017	Google deploys an “anti-trolling” AI as a part of their greater Conversation AI initiative.	https://www.wired.com/2017/02/googles-troll-fighting-ai-now-belongs-world/	sgonzales
2017	Zelle was launched to provide person-to-person (P2P) payment.	"D3 Banking Technology Partners with Zelle[R]." Journal of Engineering, 6 Nov. 2017, pp. 332. Gale Academic OneFile. link.gale.com/apps/doc/A513317667/AONE?u=mlin_c_worpoly&sid =bookmark-AONE&xid=64b8f8bb.	czhang10
2017	USB 3.2 released with USB-C connector, was able to transfer data at 20 gbps	https://www.computerhope.com/history/usb.htm	amishra2
2017	The TrackMan component of Statcast replaces the previous PITCHf/x system for official measurements of pitch speed.	https://www.pinstripealley.com/2017/4/6/15191012/mlb-pitch-tracking-velocity-pitch-fx-cc-sabathia-marco-estrada-noah-syndergaard	gmmontana
2017	OpenAI beat esport professionals at Dota 2 in 1v1/td>	https://newatlas.com/ai-2017-beating-humans-games/52741/	awheeler2
2017	Equifax data breach loses private data of 148 million individuals, compromising their names, birth dates, and social security numbers	Electronic Privacy Information Center. Equifax Data Breach (epic.org, 2018.) https://epic.org/privacy/data-breach/equifax/ Accessed 09/11/2020	zjester
2017	First Dota 2 professional player to beat OpenAI final 1v1 bot	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-fTicRFv0M&feature=youtu.be&t=530	qthoang
2017	Stanford created an AI to beat Montezuma's revenge	https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs224n/reports/2762090.pdf	awheeler2
2017	The newly released iPhone X features the ability to unlock the phone using facial recognition.	https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2017/09/14/facial-recognition-iphone-today-tomorrow-airport/664000001/	sgubrud, mjzeolla
2017	EOS is unveiled by Block one as a new blockchain protocol for the deployment of decentralized applications	https://101blockchains.com/history-of-blockchain-timeline/#prettyPhoto/0/	ieroshenko
2017	Stenograph Wave	https://www.stenograph.com/wave-information	scbarry
2017	A.I being used to analyze medical images	www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/08/170823090930.htm	lnguyen3
2017	"Petya" ransomware outbreak in Europe	https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/petya-ransomware-wiper	mnurbekova
2017	WannaCry ransom-ware attacks hundreds of thousands of computers around the world. Locks files until ransom is paid, major impact on healthcare systems.	"The WannaCry ransomware attack," Strategic Comments, vol. 23, (4), pp. vii, 2017. Love, John. A Brief History of Malware — Its Evolution and Impact (lastline.com, 04/05/2018). https://www.lastline.com/blog/history-of-malware-its-evolution-and-impact/ Accessed 09/08/2020	mttaylor zjester (added more info and second source)
2017	The creation of the first reprogrammable quantum computer	https://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/34813/20170104/researchers-build-first-reprogrammable-quantum-computer.htm	vkothari
2017	The Department of Homeland Security notifies 21 states that their election systems had been targeted by hackers prior to the 2016 election	https://apnews.com/cb8a753a9b0948589cc372a3c037a567	stgoldman
2017	The Google Home Mini is released.	https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/4/16407344/google-home-mini-announced-price-release-date-smart-speaker	agmavrotheris
2017	The Google Home Max is released.	https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/10/4/16404380/google-home-max-smart-stereo-speaker-announced-price-release-date	agmavrotheris
2017	Google introduces the Transformer architecture for neural networks which was well suited to natural language processing.	3. Uszkoreit, Jakob. Transformer: A novel neural network architecture for language understanding. (Google Research, August 17, 2017). https://ai.googleblog.com/2017/08/transformer-novel-neural-network.html (Accessed September 29, 2024)	djadczak
2017	Nintendo Pro Controller is released alongside the Nintendo Switch console	https://venturebeat.com/2017/03/01/switchs-pro-controller-is-nintendos-best-traditional-gamepad-yet/	nsjurovich
2017	Xbox Kinect is discontinued	https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/1/2/16842738/microsoft-kinect-adapter-xbox-one-x-s-discontinued	nsjurovich
2017	Hardware enthusiasts benchmark 480Hz display, capable of showing a frame within 2 milliseconds.	Mark Rejohn, “Display with 480Hz Bonus Modes” (BlurBusters, August 16, 2017) https://blurbusters.com/4k-120hz-with-bonus-240hz-and-480hz-modes/ (accessed April 6, 2021)	larathke
2017	Clearview AI, a facial recognition tool that scrapes photos off the Internet, developed.	Kashmir Hill, “The Secretive Company That Might End Privacy as We Know It,” New York Times (Online), January 18 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/18/technology/clearview-privacy-facial-recognition.html (9/2/2021)	tgandrews
2017	Google announces the production of Google Glass Enterprise to attract businesses to utilize the produce for business and logistics	CNN Business.” CNN, 16 Mar. 2023, https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/16/tech/google-glass-gone/index.html.	javieira
2017	Google enters a deal to sell Google Glass through Augmedix to doctors at large hospitals	Farr, Christina. “One of Google’s Most Embarrassing Flops Is Turning into a Real Business.” CNBC, 11 Apr. 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/11/google-glass-becoming-surprise-success.html.	javieira
2018	Although it would never be released to market, a prototype with 140 degrees FOV was shown off [5]	https://assets.ctfassets.net/0o6s67aqvwnu/1zmWdgZfYLEEbdLS2DCtNi/0b573716bd56b0a4c09aede06b4325d9/Beyond_Reality_April_2022.pdf	tgdanielski
2018	: FDA Approval for AI-Based Diagnostic Systems - The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the first AI-based diagnostic system named IDx-DR, for detecting diabetic retinopathy. With a sensitivity of 98.8%, a specificity of 88.0%, and a kappa value of 0.89 suggesting a high level of agreement between the AI’s diagnostic and the reference standard.	Yang WH, Zheng B, Wu MN, Zhu SJ, Fei FQ, Weng M, Zhang X, Lu PR. An Evaluation System of Fundus Photograph-Based Intelligent Diagnostic Technology for Diabetic Retinopathy and Applicability for Research. (Diabetes Ther. 2019 Oct;10(5)) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6778552/ (March 17, 2024)	ekli
2018	Intel deployments a 5G network using KT's 5G-Sig (non-standard 5G) at the 2018 Winter Olympics	https://telecomasia.net/content/mobile-industry-eyes-5g-devices-early-2019	gmantedomenico
2018	Vik Parth presents “Latest AR Technologies and Hardware Limitations.” to an MIT audience.	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osLZ2p7DKIQ&t=300s	lplopez
2018	Google presented a demo for a new feature of Google Assistant called Duplex, showing how it can call up a business and schedule an appointment, without the person on the phone realizing they’re talking to an AI	https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/9/17334658/google-ai-phone-call-assistant-duplex-ethical-social-implications	jedyer
2018	Boston Dynamics releases a video of its humanoid Atlas Robot, demonstrating it is able to run across outdoor terrain	https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/5/10/17341400/boston-dynamics-atlas-spotmini-robots-videos-autonomous-navigation	jedyer
2018	Driverless taxis debut in Tokyo and are able to take paying customers.	https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/aug/28/driverless-taxi-debuts-in-tokyo-in-world-first-trial-ahead-of-olympics	jedyer
2018	Apple watch series 4: Capable of taking an electrocardiogram. Allows apple watch users to monitor the health of their heart, and detect any abnormalities.	https://www.apple.com/watch/	pmahurkar, jcpatel
2018	Market Volume for the Home Automation industry reaches 18.877 Billion	https://www.statista.com/outlook/279/109/smart-home/united-states#market-arpu	dberardi
2018	Virtual Reality Startup Virti Founded	https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/business/virti-startup-medical-digital-technology-gaming-virtual-reality-b805543.html	kshah2
2018	Facebook announces Oculus Quest which could run independently of a PC	https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/2/17911662/oculus-connect-vr-virtual-reality-quest-headset	kshah2
2018	Facebook announces Oculus Insight, a VR technology that allows for tracking with no external sensors	https://www.oculus.com/blog/playing-with-the-future-oculus-insight-powers-beyond-room-scale-vr-gaming/	befoster
2018	Wearable X announces yoga pants with technology integrated, one of the first pieces of clothing with technology	https://www.gq.com.au/entertainment/tech/the-new-wearables-a-new-era-of-connected-clothing-is-paving-the-way-for-the-future/news-story/9b5891ea888c103ee3f53f2780896009	ajbrianti
2018	Vive releases Vive Tracker, allowing for full-body VR tracking	https://www.tomshardware.com/news/vive-accessories-release-date-announced,33752.html	befoster
2018	Waymo One taxi, First Commercial Level 4 Autonomy Car	www.howtogeek.com/401759/what-are-the-different-self-driving-car-levels-of-autonomy/	cctulig
2018	OpenAI bot beat 99.95th percentile Dota players in a best-of-three 5v5 game	https://blog.openai.com/openai-five-benchmark-results/	qthoang
2018	OpenAI bot lost 2 5v5 games against top Dota 2 teams at The International 8	https://blog.openai.com/the-international-2018-results/	qthoang
2018	FDA approves use of CGM and certain insulin pumps to create a closed loop system	https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-authorizes-first-fully-interoperable-continuous-glucose-monitoring-system-streamlines-review	tclooney
2018	Live Fact checking news with AI demonstrated as a proof of concept	Higgins, L. (2018, Nov 23). Behind an Effort to Fact-Check Live News With Speed and Accuracy; Voice recognition and artificial intelligence are being paired to point out potential inaccuracies in real time. Wall Street Journal (Online) https://www.proquest.com/docview/2136930302	aebolduc
2018	Raytheon’s AN/TPY-2 radar fails to accurately detect ballistic missile during test in Hawaii pivotal to Pentagon plans	http://ezproxy.wpi.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/trade-journals/mda-lifts-value-raytheons-radar-improvement/docview/2299103171/se-2 (last retrieved March 19, 2023).	kjlopez
2018	TikTok is released internationally and merges with Musical.ly, becoming a global phenomenon and dominating the short-video platform market.		xxiao
2018	Nintendo continues to incorporate emulators into its consoles with Nintendo Switch Online that allows for NES games to be emulated on the Nintendo Switch.	“Nintendo Switch Online - Nintendo - Official Site.” Nintendo, www.nintendo.com/switch/online/. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023.	nkwong
2018	Researchers at University of Washington demonstrated “laser-based wireless power delivery system” that ensures safety to humans	Vikram Iyer, Elyas Bayati, Rajalakshmi Nandakumar, Arka Majumdar, and Shyamnath Gollakota, Charging a Smartphone Across a Room Using Lasers (Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. Vol. 1, Iss. 4, 01/08/2018), Article 143, Pg. 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1145/3161163 (09/05/2023)	akzhang
2018	Nvidia releases the GeForce 20 series, adding ray-tracing cores to GPUs, significantly improving their performance on lighting effects.	https://www.polygon.com/2018/8/20/17760038/nvidia-geforce-rtx-2080-ti-2070-specs-release-date-price-turing	amcutler
March 2018	Google Japan now offers the street view from a dog's perspective	Google Street View. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/27775. Accessed 2 Sept. 2024.	epfoley2
November 7, 2018	Apple released the iPad Pro, the first iPad to use USB-C for charging. This was the beginning of their slow transition to full USB-C support, quickened by the European Parliament years later.	https://screenrant.com/ipad-models-with-usb-c-port-list/	zsperry
2018	AMD releases Polaris 10 and Polaris 11 GPUs fabricated on 14nm process, resulting in a significant increase in performance per watt.	https://wccftech.com/amd-unveils-polaris-11-10-gpu/	amcutler
2019	The Oculus Quest, the first standalone headset to breach into the mainstream was released [11].	[11] Reality Labs, “From the lab to the living room: The story behind Facebook’s Oculus Insight technology and a new era of consumer VR”, Aug 2019, https://tech.facebook.com/reality-labs/2019/8/the-story-behind-oculus-insight-technology/	tgdanielski
2019	After being teased earlier in the year, the Valve Index was released to ceaseless praise, and would sit at the throne of wired consumer headsets for years to come [10][9]	[10] Sam Machkovech, “Valve Index reveal: The best of VR’s first generation—but is it worth $999?”, Apr 2019, https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/04/valve-index-reveal-the-best-of-vrs-first-generation-but-is-it-worth-999/ [9] Steam, last month (kept up to date, no history available), https://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey	tgdanielski
2019	2019 was a year of record sales. VR headset ownership reached nearly 12 million users [12]	[12] Thomas Alsop, “Virtual reality (VR) headset unit sales worldwide from 2019 to 2024”, 2023, https://www.statista.com/statistics/677096/vr-headsets-worldwide/	tgdanielski
2019	FDA Approves the first AI-powered device for cancer diagnosis. In addition to a deep learning algorithm for understanding MRI scans of the brain.	Cedars-Sinai Staff, AI's Ascendance in Medicine: A Timeline, (Cedars-Sinai, Apr 20, 2023) https://www.cedars-sinai.org/discoveries/ai-ascendance-in-medicine.html, (Mar 17 2024)	ekli
2019	5G NR networks start deployment	https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/what-is-5g/	gmantedomenico
2019	Since 2010 Intel i series chips improved from 2 to 16 cores and from around 1 billion to about 10 billion transistors.	https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EMkcZ2UPuu95BAHkGAW1YPhDVI2GfyMJh1pEu-wmjy0/edit?usp=sharing	nmbargman
2019	Yahoo shuts down GeoCities Japan.	https://www.cnet.com/news/geocities-dies-in-march-2019-and-with-it-a-piece-of-internet-history/	hjiang2
2019	Pew Research Center releases a study that shows 96% of Americans own a mobile phone and 81% own smartphones.	https://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/mobile/	cvieira
2019	The amount of fact checking platforms was seen to grow 26% since the previous year.	https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2019/number-of-fact-checking-outlets-surges-to-188-in-more-than-60-countries/	ddaly
2019	Samsung releases the first foldable smartphone	http://fortune.com/2018/11/01/foldable-phone-screens-stop/	dcvollum
2019	In 2019 San Francisco bans the use of facial recognition usage by law enforcement. “With this vote, San Francisco has declared that face surveillance technology is incompatible with a healthy democracy and that residents deserve a voice in decisions about high-tech surveillance”	https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/14/us/facial-recognition-ban-san-francisco.html	mjzeolla
2019	Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) N7+ technology enters full-scale production bringing 7nm processors to market in mass	https://www.tsmc.com/english/dedicatedFoundry/technology/7nm.htm	btpeters
2019	Nvidia released new GPUs based on Turing, the first series of hardware-accelerated ray-tracing consumer products.	NVIDIA GeForce RTX - Official Launch Event, (YouTube, 2019, Aug 20), https://youtu.be/Mrixi27G9yM	xjia
2019	Nvidia releases drive autopilot, the worlds first commercially available SAE level 2 automated driving system. Implementing relatively recent AI breakthroughs, the SoC processor can be used by vehicle manufactures to bring automation to the market on larger scales, surpassing the technology at the time.	NVIDIA, NVIDIA Introduces DRIVE AutoPilot, World’s First Commercially Available Level 2+ Automated Driving System, (NVIDIA News, 2019), https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-introduces-drive-autopilot-worlds-first-commercially-available-level-2+-automated-driving-system (3/22/2022)	jahanlon
2019	First Corona Virus case is discovered in November, sparking a world wide loss of personal privacy	https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/technology/coronavirus-surveillance-tracking-privacy.html	brobinson
2019	Facebook announces successor to Oculus Rift, Rift S	https://www.oculus.com/blog/announcing-oculus-rift-s-our-new-pc-vr-headset-launching-spring-2019/	kshah2
2019	AMD launches its Zen 2 microarchitecture using chiplet technology	https://www.amd.com/en/technologies/zen-core	essmith
2019	Facebook introduces hand tracking on its VR systems	https://www.oculus.com/blog/oculus-connect-6-introducing-hand-tracking-on-oculus-quest-facebook-horizon-and-more/	befoster
2019	Google Stadia cloud gaming service will release in November 2019	https://store.google.com/us/product/stadia_founders_edition?hl=en-US	acdesveaux
2019	USB 4.0 introduced with data transfer rates of 40 gbps	https://gct.co/usb-connector/usb-history-timeline#:~:text=USB%20(Universal%20Serial%20Bus)%20was,of%20serial%20and%20parallel%20ports	amishra2
2019	Stenograph Luminex ii	https://www.stenograph.com/luminex_ii	scbarry
2019	U.S. Missile Defense Agency awards Woburn, MA-based Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems $962 million contract to continue to perform research and development on Army/Navy Ballistic Missile Defense System.	http://ezproxy.wpi.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/trade-journals/raytheon-holding-sm-3-block-iia-deliveries/docview/2009150606/se-2 (last retrieved March 19, 2023).	kjlopez
2019	Google announces Google Glass Enterprise Edition 2 for $999 to entice more customers to buy the new lightweight and long lasting battery version. This edition has a business focus and Alphabet designs the product around the work environment.	Haselton, Todd. “Google Unveils New $999 Smart Glasses for Businesses, Undercutting Microsoft’s HoloLens on Price.” CNBC, 20 May 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/20/google-glass-enterprise-edition-2-announced-price.html.	javieira
2019	Facebook launches Lasso, a short-video platform, to compete with TikTok. However, it fails to gain traction and is shut down in 2020.		xxiao
2019	Tesla starts shipping Model S and X cars with their new Full Self-Driving Computer (FSD), which is powered by custom Tesla designed microprocessors, manufactured by Samsung.	4. Chips Etc. “Computer Chips Inside Cars.” Vintage Computer Chip Collectibles, Memorabilia & Jewelry, www.chipsetc.com/computer-chips-inside-the-car.html. Accessed 4 Sept. 2023.	ankalayjian
2020	The Oculus Quest 2 was released with notably better performance and price [13]. A Facebook account was required to log in [13].	[13] Adi Robertson, “Oculus Quest 2 review: better, cheaper VR”, Sep 2020, https://www.theverge.com/21437674/oculus-quest-2-review-features-photos	tgdanielski
2020	37% of consumers say they intended to upgrade to 5G	https://www.gsma.com/newsroom/press-release/gsma-intelligence-shares-global-mobile-trends-2021/	gmantedomenico
2020	“Europol made arrests across Europe, taking out SIM-swap hackers responsible for the theft of over €3 million”	Osborne, Charlie. “The Biggest Hacks, Data Breaches of 2020.” ZDNET, https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-biggest-hacks-data-breaches-of-2020/. Accessed 24 Mar. 2023.	wrlewis
2020	Facebook announces Oculus Quest 2	https://www.engadget.com/oculus-quest-2-vr-299-171715370.html	kshah2
2020	5G network enabled life-changing technologies	https://sciencenode.org/feature/How%20did%20smartphones%20evolve.php	hwang15
2020	After years of stagnation, multiple mobile device manufacturers settle on prioritizing 1080p resolution, taking advantage of eye perceptions of pixel density at normal eye distances from mobile devices.	Michael Simon, “1080p is All We Need for Smartphone Screens” (PCWorld, November 17, 2020) https://www.pcworld.com/article/3597391/sorry-android-fans-apple-is-right-1080p-is-all-we-need-for-smartphone-screens.html (accessed April 6, 2021)	larathke
2020	Non-profit hospital Cedars-Sinai starts using VR to train staff	https://www.healthcareglobal.com/technology-and-ai-3/virtual-reality-and-training-post-covid-era	kshah2
2020	Oculus Quest 2 released	https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/16/21427947/oculus-quest-2-facebook-vr-headset-price-release-date-preorder-connect	kshah2
2020	The US census is conducted online	https://www.npr.org/2020/03/02/807913222/despite-cybersecurity-risks-and-last-minute-changes-the-2020-census-goes-online	jamevor
2020	MIDI 2.0 Standards Released	https://www.midi.org/articles-old/details-about-midi-2-0-midi-ci-profiles-and-property-exchange	jmmoy
2020	Hungarian Prime Minister given emergency powers which can punish online critics	https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52135402	brobinson
2020	Kansas announces it is tracking 55,000 citizens amid corona virus pandemic	https://www.nationalreview.com/news/coronavirus-kansas-using-resident-cell-phone-location-data-fight-pandemic/	brobinson
2020	With the start of covid, the market of wearable technologies grew exponentially, such as the oura ring	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8434481/	ajbrianti
2020	CNN amasses an average prime-time audience of 1.652 million viewers	Mark Joyella, Fox News Dominates May Ratings, But CNN Prime Time Jumps 117%, (Forbes, 2020), https://www.forbes.com/sites/markjoyella/2020/06/02/fox-news-dominates-may-ratings-but-cnn-prime-time-jumps-117/#2b7c63701e6d (2020)	jpmcmanus
2020	The senate proposes the Lawful Access to Encrypted Data Act, which seeks to ban, end-to-end encryption and provide grant money to researchers to find a way to implement a secure backdoor into warrant proof encryption methods.	https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/press/rep/releases/graham-cotton-blackburn-introduce-balanced-solution-to-bolster-national-security-end-use-of-warrant-proof-encryption-that-shields-criminal-activity	efschwarzrock
2020	Apple releases the M1, the first ARM-based Apple Silicon chip.	https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/11/apple-unleashes-m1/	arobinson3
2020	Microsoft announced that the fourth console of the Xbox family, the Xbox Series X and Xbox Series S, will be released on November, 10, 2020. The Xbox Series X has 4K capabilities, plays at 120 frames per second, and enables 8K HDR gaming, while the Xbox Series S was offered as a less powerful console and a cheaper alternative.	https://www.xbox.com/en-US/consoles/xbox-series-x#overview	bplima
2020	91% of cars sold this year feature embedded connectivity, or some way in which they can connect to the internet.	The Connected Car Market Will Endure a 15% Shipment Decline, Flat Revenues in 2020; Sales Return on Trend Early 2022 (ABI Research, July 28, 2020) https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-connected-car-market-will-endure-a-15-shipment-decline-flat-revenues-in-2020-sales-return-on-trend-early-2022-301100761.html#:~:text=Despite%20shipments%20of%20vehicles%20with,and%2037%25%20in%20Latin%20America (September 2, 2023)	mcku
2020	Open steno project	http://www.openstenoproject.org/	scbarry
2020	Sony announced that on November 12, 2020 they would be releasing the PlayStation 5, the fifth addition to the PlayStation series. The console runs on an ultra-high speed SSD and uses ray tracing to produce 120 frames per second with support for 120Hz on 4K HDR displays. A digital version of the console was offered that did not have a disc drive and all purchases would be made through the PlayStation Store.	https://www.playstation.com/en-us/ps5/	bplima
2020	Face masks for COVID-19 are causing significant difficulty for implementing facial recognition technology commercially and on a national level.	https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/28/21344751/facial-recognition-face-masks-accuracy-nist-study	mjzeolla
2020	Due to the dangers posed by the Covid-19 pandemic, US schools from the K-12 to collegiate level switch to online classes, with the video streaming platform Zoom becoming the most popular choice for online educational lectures.	Camera, Lauren, “Coronavirus Closes Schools for Half of All Kids in the U.S., Now What?” (U.S. News, 16 Mar. 2020), https://www.usnews.com/news/education-news/articles/2020-03-16/whats-next-as-coronavirus-closes-schools-for-half-of-all-kids-in-the-us (4 Sept. 2021)	jrmalcarne
2020	The top 5 selling brands of smart watches sold over 66.6 million watches in 2020 alone.	Felix Richter, Apple Several Ticks Ahead in the Smartwatch Market, (March 30, 2021), https://www.statista.com/chart/15035/worldwide-smartwatch-shipments/ (September 2, 2021)	deushman
2020	Apple announces the Apple M1, its first ARM-based system on a chip to be used in Mac computers, incorporating mobile technology for more efficient performance than previous Intel models, and creating some of the first mass-market ARM laptops.	https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/11/apple-unleashes-m1/	azingher
2020	AI’s role in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, aiding in epidemiological modeling, drug repurposing, vaccine development, and contact tracing efforts.	Chang Z, Zhan Z, Zhao Z, You Z, Liu Y, Yan Z, Fu Y, Liang W, Zhao L. Application of artificial intelligence in COVID-19 medical area: a systematic review. (December 13, 2021) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8743418/#:~:text=The%20ongoing%20development%20in%20AI,human%20intervention%20in%20medical%20practice., (March 17 2024)	ekli
2020	Google DeepMind uses AI to determine a protein’s 3D structure from its amino-acid sequence, solving one of biology’s greatest challenges.	Ewen Callaway, ‘It will change everything’: DeepMind’s AI makes gigantic leap in solving protein structures (Nature, November 30, 2020), https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03348-4 (March 18, 2024)	ekli
2020	Instagram introduces Reels, a feature for creating and sharing short videos, in response to the growing popularity of TikTok.		xxiao
2020	Stockfish, the best chess engine at the time, begins using a neural network in its evaluation, noticeably increasing its strength.	“Introducing NNUE Evaluation,” stockfishchess.org, Aug. 7, 2020. https://stockfishchess.org/blog/2020/introducing-nnue-evaluation/ (Accessed Sept. 3, 2024)	bkohler
2020	Adobe ends support for Flash and Flash games. Independent developers continue to preserve Flash games through emulators.	Parrish, Ash. “Your Favorite Neopets Flash Games Are Back.” The Verge, The Verge, 26 July 2023, www.theverge.com/2023/7/26/23809037/neopets-games-restored-flash-emulator. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023.	nkwong
2020 to 2021	restrictions on TikTok and other Chinese-owned short-video platforms.		xxiao
2021	Roughly 2 million pagers in use	https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-pagers-and-beepers-1992315	psjain
2021	Facebook renames to Meta, changing the name of the Oculus Quest series to be the Meta Quest series [14]	[14] Meta, “Introducing Meta: A Social Technology Company”, Oct 2021, https://about.facebook.com/news/2021/10/facebook-company-is-now-meta/	tgdanielski
2021	The self-driving car market is evaluated at an estimated 20.3 million USD.	Autonomous / Self-Driving Cars Market Research, Share, Size, Companies & Forecast (MarketsandMarkets Research Private Ltd, 2022), https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/near-autonomous-passenger-car-market-1220.html#:~:text=%5B379%20Pages%20Report%5D%20Autonomous%20%2F,automotive%20customers%20across%20the%20world (September 2, 2023)	mcku
2021	AMD's Dr. Lisa Su roadmaps AMD's future in chiplet design with 3D V-cache and MCM-based GPUs and CPUs	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqAYMx34euU	essmith
2021	Facebook rebrands itself as Meta and announces plans for the metaverse	“The Facebook Company Is Now Meta.” Meta, 23 Nov. 2021, https://about.fb.com/news/2021/10/facebook-company-is-now-meta/.	cjscopetski
2021	Neuralink develops and implants a wireless, high-channel count brain machine interface allowing for a monkey to control a computer with their thoughts.	https://neuralink.com/blog/monkey-mindpong/	bmdeflaminio
2021	Twitter launches the pilot of its crowd-sourced, fact-check program "Birdwatch" in order to flag misleading content by using comments and ratings	https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/product/2021/introducing-birdwatch-a-community-based-approach-to-misinformation.html	ddaly
2021	AlphaFold predicts protein folding in cells, revolutionizing biology and medicine	https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/	jtreiss
2021	Discord, originally an indie passion project inspired by platforms such as Skype and Slack, maintains itself at the forefront of modern communication platforms with a rising net value of $15 billion after acquisition deals with Microsoft collapse.	Moderator, “Discord valued at $15B after Microsoft deal collapse”, (BBC Tech Update, 25 Aug. 2021), https://bbctechupdate.com/20 21/08/25/discord-valued-at-15b-after-microsoft-deal-collapse/ (5 Sept. 2021)	jrmalcarne
September 23, 2021	The European Commission announces their plans of enforcing all mobile devices to be compatible with a standardized charger, including all mobile Apple devices.	https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/10/24/common-charger-eu-ministers-give-final-approval-to-one-size-fits-all-charging-port/	zsperry
2021	Texas Instruments make the TI-84 Plus calculators that can code	PR Newswire, Texas Instruments new TI-84 Plus CE Python graphing calculator introduces students to programming: Available for back to school, the newest TI graphing calculator brings popular Python programming language to the classroom (ProQuest, 27th July 2021), https://www.proquest.com/docview/2555312048?parentSessionId=kaKLueMzqfr%2F0S5WM7eIpBzMaI0DWruJFEQI%2FIzmn9g%3D&pq-origsite=primo&accountid=29120&sourcetype=Wire%20Feeds (8-30-2024)	kacummings
2021	EU and UK regulators approve Ossia’s Cota systems for use at any distance	Miriam McNabb, Wireless Power for Drones: Meet the Company Who Wants to Change the Battery Game (10/15/2021), https://dronelife.com/2021/10/15/wireless-power-for-drones-meet-the-company-who-wants-to-change-the-battery-game/ (09/04/2023)	akzhang
2021	The average new car now has over 50 computer systems inside. Gas powered cars now have over 1000 semiconductor chips inside, and Electric cars up to 3000 semiconductor chips inside.	Chips Etc. “Computer Chips Inside Cars.” Vintage Computer Chip Collectibles, Memorabilia & Jewelry, www.chipsetc.com/computer-chips-inside-the-car.html. Accessed 4 Sept. 2023.	ankalayjian
2021	Lewis Rhodes Labs works with Sandia National Laboratories to create Extreme Search, a neuromorphic computing technology that uses regular expressions to search petabytes of data in under 12 minutes.	Retrieved from https://www.lewis-rhodes.com/ on 22 March 2024.	cdesrosiers
2022	AMD, Arm, Google Cloud, Intel, Meta, Microsoft, Qualcomm, Samsung, TSMC, et al. establish the Universal Chiplet Interconnect Express (UCIe) standard	https://www.proquest.com/docview/2635157161/1BA84C7EFFB04C5DPQ/3?accountid=29120	essmith
2022	ChatGPT is released on November 30, 2022 and very quickly skyrockets in popularity to 100+ million users by 2023.	https://serpwatch.io/blog/voice-search-statistics/#:~:text=Around%20500%20million%20people%20are,assistants%20worldwide%2C%20alongside%20Google%20Assistant accessed 3/24/23.	yakbashev
2022	The public perception of self-driving cars remains negative, with a PEW Research survey reporting 63% would not feel comfortable riding one.	Americans cautious about the deployment of driverless cars (Pew Research Center, March 17, 2022), https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2022/03/17/americans-cautious-about-the-deployment-of-driverless-cars/ (September 2, 2023)	mcku
2022	Google announces new prototype of Google Glass 2.0 which places a greater emphasis on augmented reality	Robson, Kurt. “Google Glass Is Back after Failing Hard the First Time around – Is the World Ready?” Verdict, 20 July 2022, https://www.verdict.co.uk/google-testing-augmented-reality-glasses-after-failure-of-google-glass/.	javieira
2022	“The FDA authorizes 91 AI-powered devices. One, the EchoGo Heart Failure tool, detects heart failure from a single echocardiogram.”	Cedars-Sinai Staff, AI's Ascendance in Medicine: A Timeline, (Cedars-Sinai, Apr 20, 2023) https://www.cedars-sinai.org/discoveries/ai-ascendance-in-medicine.html, (Mar 17 2024)	ekli
2022	Skype launches real-time translation using your voice	https://www.skype.com/en/blogs/2022-12-skype-truvoice/	nrgiangregorio
2022	Wi-Charge releases Wi-Spot which allows for completely wireless displays	Wi-Charge, Wi-Charge Debuts Wi-Spot, the First Completely Wireless Video Display for Physical Stores (01/17/2022), https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/wi-charge-debuts-wi-spot-the-first-completely-wireless-video-display-for-physical-stores-301461985.html (09/04/2023)	akzhang
2022	ChatGPT, Llama, PaLM, Gemini, BLOOM, DALL-E were created. These programs are GPTs (Generative Pre-trained Transformers), which use a deep learning architecture to generate text, engage in conversations with users and complete tasks, such as coding, image generation, and much more.	Pat Lawlor, Jerry Chang, The rise of generative AI: A timeline of breakthrough innovations , (Qualcomm, Feb 12, 2024) https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2024/02/the-rise-of-generative-ai-timeline-of-breakthrough-innovations(March 18, 2024)	ajli
May 2022	Google Maps' Immersive View for Routes was announced which combines Street View, satellite, and live data	got-big-ai-update-here-are-5-best-new-features-894401.	epfoley2
May 2022	By its 15-year anniversary Google Street View has covered more than 10 million miles of road in over 100 countries	https://www.google.com/streetview/anniversary/ (Accessed 9/1/2024)	npcyr
2022	Diffusion Models Diffusion models are a generative model that transform simple random noise signals into more complex data such as images. They became a more stable and easy to control method when compared to GANs. They use less computational power and are better performant.		cemasucci
2023	Waymo concludes its first 1 million driverless, fully autonomous miles, and reports promising crash statistics: only 2 “severe” crashes, neither of which the Waymo vehicle was at fault for.	Trent Victor et al., Safety Performance of the Waymo Rider-Only Automated Driving System at One Million Miles (Waymo LLC, January 2023), https://storage.googleapis.com/waymo-uploads/files/documents/safety/Safety%20Performance%20of%20Waymo%20RO%20at%201M%20miles.pdf (September 2, 2023)	mcku
November 23, 2022	The European Parliament and Council signed a legal act enforcing the regulation that all electronic devices must support USB-C, including mobile phones.	https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-internal-market-and-consumer-protection-imco/file-common-chargers-for-mobile-phones	zsperry
2023	Humane technologies, a company with many patents for wearable technology, raises 100 million dollars in funding.	https://hu.ma.ne/media/humane-raises-100m-in-series-c-round-as-it-builds-device-and-services-platform-for-the-ai-era	ajbrianti
2023	Alphabet halts the sale of Google Glass Enterprise and announces it will be taking the product off the market via their website. Alphabet projects the software will stop being supported in September 2023, but vows to continue working on products that use augmented reality.	Leswing, Kif. “Google Ends Enterprise Sales of Google Glass, Its Augmented Reality Smartglasses.” CNBC, 15 Mar. 2023, https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/15/google-discontinues-google-glass-enterprise-end-to-early-ar-project.html.	javieira
2023	Apple announced its entry into the VR market with the Apple Vision Pro, an upcoming mixed-reality headset announced on June 5, 2023, at its 2023 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC). The headset will sell for $3,499.	Barnard, D. (2023, June 14). History of VR - timeline of events and Tech Development. VirtualSpeech. https://virtualspeech.com/blog/history-of-vr (2023, September 4)	Jdeleon2
2023	Release of GPT-4, a powerful multimodal model that can place in the top 10% of test takers of a bar exam.	GPT-4 Technical Report, (OpenAI, March 27, 2023) https://cdn.openai.com/papers/gpt-4.pdf (Accessed September 29, 2024)	djadczak
2023	Microsoft and Nintendo begin cracking down on independently created emulators and ROMs over concerns about copyright infringement and lost revenue.	Thebeau, Jake. “The History of Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) Emulation.” History Computer, 28 July 2023, https://history-computer.com/the-history-of-nintendo-entertainment-system-nes-emulation/. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023. Roth, Emma. “Microsoft Locks down Game Emulation on the Xbox Series X and Series S.” The Verge, The Verge, 7 Apr. 2023, www.theverge.com/2023/4/7/23674707/microsoft-xbox-emulators-ban-nintendo. Accessed 3 Sept. 2023.	nkwong
2023	Diablo IV is released.	Matthew Rossi, Then and now with the WoW dev team, (On Click Creative, October 16, 2017), https://blizzardwatch.com/2017/10/16/now-wow-dev-team/#:~:text=And%20amazingly%2C%20it%20was%20developed,and%20shipped%20with%20about%20sixty (September 9, 2023)	cmfrench
2024	Introduction of Google's Gemini 1.5, which was a family of models that could process video, audio, and text. This model is unique because of its long context window	Gemini 1.4: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context. (Gemini Team, Google, February 2024)	djadczak